A sense of self-direction Essay

There may be personal information that you want considered as part of your admissions application. Write an essay describing that information. You might include exceptional hardships, challenges, or opportunities that have shaped or impacted your abilities.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Discipline is one of the issues being faced by most teenagers anywhere in the world. A lot of these people find it hard to inculcate in themselves the self-control and self-responsibility they ought to have. A sense of self-direction is one of the many ways that teenagers can employ to have that bite of discipline in their systems.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   I am a seventeen year old and a non-religious middle class man. Unlike many other men of my age, I am proud to say that I am well-disciplined. And I owe much of this to sports. Sports actually helped me and still continue to help me become a disciplined man, especially when I stepped into high school. A lot of my wonderful memories and lessons in life are attributable to my experiences as a person inclined in many sports. For four years now, I am part of the tennis varsity team of my school, of which I was given the honor to rank third in state in my small league. That was one of the best days I ever had in my sports life. Days of training and practice were all paid off after receiving such recognition. This award does not stop me from training and practicing more as days pass by. Instead, this achievement inspires me to do a lot better than I did so I can be the best tennis player I can be. It inspires me to do more so that I can be able to become more of a tennis player†¦more of a person. With my inclination in sports, I learn to be focused on things that really matter. I do not waste my time to non-productive activities, thus I become productive as a person. With sports, I learn how to be a team player, which would really help me a lot by the time I have my own career in whatever field I choose. I know and I believe that learning how to be in a team, may it be as a leader or just an ordinary member, will surely get things done with ease and victory. Tennis games and practices are training grounds for me not just to become the best tennis player but more to become the best person that I can be.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Aside from tennis, I also am interested to other sports like basketball and soccer. I play for these sports during my sophomore and junior years. I enjoyed every single day I spent for practices. I find a different sense of fulfillment whenever I play sports. It makes me happy to be with my teammates and play not just the games on court but also the game of life. Sports have become special parts of me because through them, I feel and believe that I became a much better person than I ever was before.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Surely sports leave a big impact to my life. I would not have learned become a disciplined, mature, responsible, and productive person if not for it. I would never have developed my interpersonal and social skills if I was not part of a team. I would never have been the person I am now if I become attached to other activities aside from sports.

Night World : Daughters of Darkness Chapter 4

What a difference a day made. Somehow, in the hot, hazy August sunlight the -next morning, Mary-Lynnette couldn't get serious about checking on whether Mrs. Burdock was dead. It was just too ridiculous. Besides, she had a lot to do-school started in just over two weeks. At the beginning of June she had been sure summer would last forever, sure that she would neversay, â€Å"Wow, this summer has gone by so fast.† And now here she stood in mid-August, and she was saying, â€Å"Wow, it's gone by so fast.† I need clothes, Mary-Lynnette thought. And a new backpack, and notebooks, and some of those little purple felt-tip pens. And I need to make Mark get all those things, too, because he won't do it by himself and Claudine will never make him. Claudine was their stepmother. She was Belgian and very pretty, with curly dark hair and sparklingdark eyes. She was only ten years older than MaryLynnette, and she looked even younger. She'd been the family's housecleaning helper when Mary Lynnette's mom first got sick five years ago. MaryLynnette liked her, but she was hopeless as a substitute mother, and Mary-Lynnette usually ended up taking charge of Mark. So I don't have time to go over to Mrs. B.'s. She spent the day shopping. It wasn't until after dinner that she thought about Mrs. Burdock again. She was helping to dear dishes out of the family room, where dinner was traditionally eaten in front of the TV, when her father said, â€Å"I heard something today about Todd Akers and Vic Kimble.† â€Å"Those losers,† Mark muttered. Mary-Lynnette said, â€Å"What?† â€Å"They had some kind of accident over on Chiloquin Road-over between Hazel Green Creek and Beavercreek.† â€Å"A car accident?† Mary-Lynnette said. â€Å"Well, this is the thing,† her father said. â€Å"Apparently there wasn't any damage to their car, but they both thought they'd been in an accident. They showed up at home after midnight and said that something had happened to them out there-but they didn'tknow what. They were missing a few hours.† He looked at Mark and Mary-Lynnette. â€Å"How about that, guys?† â€Å"It's the UFOs!† Mark shouted immediately, dropping into discus-throwing position and wiggling his plate. â€Å"UFOs are a crock,† Mary-Lynnette said. â€Å"Do youknow how far the little green men would have to travel-and there's no suchthing as warp speed. Whydo people have to make things up when the universe is just just blazing with incredible things that are real-â€Å"She stopped. Her family was looking at her oddly. â€Å"Actually Todd and Vic probably just got smashed,† she said, and put her plate and glass in the sink. Her father grimaced slightly. Claudine pursed her lips. Mark grinned. â€Å"In a very real and literal sense,† he said. â€Å"We hope.† It was as Mary-Lynnette was walking back to the family room that a thought struck her. Chiloquin Road was right off Kahneta, the road her own house was on. The road Mrs. B.'s house was on.It was only two miles from Burdock Farm to Chiloquin. There couldn't be any connection. Unless the girls were burying the little green man who'd abductedVic and Todd. But it bothered her. Two really strange things happening in the same night, in the same area. In a tiny, sleepy area that never saw any kind of excitement. I know, I'll call Mrs. B. And she'll be fine, and that'll prove everything's okay, and I'll be able to laugh about all this. But nobody answered at the Burdock house. The phone rang and rang. Nobody picked it up and the answering machine never came on. Mary-Lynnettehung up feeling grim but oddly calm. She knew what she had to do now. She snagged Mark as he was going up the stairs. â€Å"I need to talk to you.† â€Å"Look, if this is about your Walkman-â€Å" â€Å"Huh? It's about something we have to do tonight.† Mary-Lynnette looked at him. â€Å"What aboutmy Walkman?† â€Å"Uh, nothing. Nothing at all.† Mary-Lynnette groaned but let it go. â€Å"Listen, Ineed you to help me out. Last night I saw something weird when I was on the hill†¦.† She explained as succinctly as possible. â€Å"And now more weird stuff with Todd and Vic,† she said. Mark was shaking his head, looking at her in something like pity. â€Å"Mare, Mare,† he said kindly. â€Å"You really are crazy, you know.† â€Å"Yes,† Mary-Lynnette said. â€Å"It doesn't matter. I'm still going over there tonight.† â€Å"To do what?† â€Å"To check things out. I just want toseeMrs. B. If I can talk to her, I'll feel better. And if I can find out what's buried in that garden, I'll feel a wholelotbetter.† â€Å"Maybe they were burying Sasquatch. That government study in the Klamaths never did find him, you know.† â€Å"Mark, you owe me for the Walkman. For whatever happened to the Walkman.† â€Å"Uh†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Mark sighed, then muttered resignedly.†Okay, I owe you. But I'm telling you right now, I'm not going to talk to those girls.† â€Å"You don't have to talk to them. You don't evenhave to see them. There's something else I want youto do.† The sun was just setting. They'd walked this roada hundred times to get to Mary-Lynnette's hill-the only difference tonight was that Mark was carryinga pair of pruning shears and Mary-Lynnette had pulled the Rubylith filter off her flashlight. â€Å"You don't reallythink they offed the old lady.† â€Å"No,† Mary-Lynnette said candidly. â€Å"I just want to put the world back where it belongs.† â€Å"You want what?† â€Å"You know how you have a view of the way theworld is, but every so often you wonder, ‘Oh, myGod, what if it's really different?'Like, ‘What if I'm really adopted and the people I think are my parentsaren't my parents at all?' And if it were true, it would change everything, and for a minute you don't know what's real. Well, that's how I feel right now, and I want to get rid of it. I want my old world back.† â€Å"You know what's scary?† Mark said. â€Å"I think Iunderstand.† By the time they got to Burdock Farm, it was full dark. Ahead of them, in the west, the star Arcturus seemed to hang over the farmhouse, glittering faintly red. Mary-Lynnette didn't bother trying to deal withthe rickety gate. She went to the place behind the blackberry bushes where the picket fence had fallen flat. The farmhouse was like her own family's, but with lots of Victorian-style gingerbread added. MaryLynnette thought the spindles and scallops and fretwork gave it a whimsical air-eccentric, like Mrs. Burdock. Just now, as she was looking at one of the second-story windows, the shadow of a moving figure fell on the roller blind. Good, Mary-Lynnette thought. At least I know somebody's home. Mark began hanging back as they walked down the weedy path to the house. â€Å"You said I could hide.† â€Å"Okay. Right. Look, why don't you take thoseshears and sort of go around back-â€Å" â€Å"And look at the Sasquatch grave while I'm there? Maybe do a little digging? I don't think so.† â€Å"Fine,† Mary-Lynnette said calmly. â€Å"Then hidesomewhere out here and hope they don't see you when they come to the door. At least with the shears you have an excuse to be in the back.† Mark threw her a bitter glance and she knew she'dwon. As he started off, Mary-Lynnette said suddenly, â€Å"Mark, be careful.† Mark just waved a dismissive hand at her without turning around. When he was out of sight, Mary-Lynnette knockedon the front door. Then she rang the doorbellitwasn't a button but an actual bellpull. She could hear chimes inside, but nobody answered. She knocked and rang with greater authority. Every minute she kept expecting the door to open to reveal Mrs. B., petite, gravelly-voiced, blue-haired,dressed in an old cotton housedress. But it didn't happen. Nobody came. Mary-Lynnette stopped being polite and began knocking with one hand and ringing with the other. It was somewhere in the middle of this frenzy ofknocks and rings that she realized she was frightened. Really frightened. Her world view was wobbling.Mrs. Burdock hardly ever left the house. She always answered the door. And Mary-Lynnette had seenwith her own eyes that somebody was home here. So why weren't they answering? Mary-Lynnette's heart was beating very hard. She had an uncomfortable falling sensation in her stomach. I should get out of here and call Sheriff Akers. It's his job to know what to do about things like this.But it was hard to work up any feeling of confidence in Todd's father. She took her alarm and frustration out on the door. Which opened. Suddenly. Mary-Lynnette's fist hit air and for an instant she felt sheer panic, fear of the unknown. â€Å"What can I do for you?† The voice was soft and beautifully modulated. Thegirl was just plain beautiful. What Mary-Lynnette hadn't been able to see from the top of her hill was that the brown hair was aglow with rich chestnut highlights, the features were classically molded, the tall figure was graceful and willowy. â€Å"You're Rowan,† she said. â€Å"How did you know?† You couldn't be anything else; I've never seen anybody who looked so much like tree spirit. â€Å"Your aunt told me about you. I'm Mary-Lynnette Carter, Ilive just up Kahneta Road. You probably saw my house on your way here.† Rowan looked noncommittal. She had such a sweet,grave face-,and skin that looked like white orchid petals, Mary-Lynnette thought abstractedly. She said, â€Å"So, I just wanted to welcome you to the neighborhood, say hello, see if there's anything you need.† Rowan looked less grave; she almost smiled and her brown eyes grew warm. â€Å"How nice of you. Really. I almost wish we did need something †¦ but actually we're fine.† Mary-Lynnette realized that, with the utmost civility and good manners, Rowan was winding up the conversation. Hastily she threw a new subject into the pool. â€Å"There are three of you girls, right? Are you going to school here?† â€Å"My sisters are.† â€Å"That's great. I can help show them around. I'll be a senior this year.† Another subject, quick, MaryLynnette thought. â€Å"So, how do you like Briar Creek? It's probably quieter than you're used to.† â€Å"Oh, it was pretty quiet where we came from,†Rowan said. â€Å"But we love it here; it's such a wonderful place. The trees, the little animals. . .† She broke off. â€Å"Yeah, those cute little animals,† Mary-Lynnette said. Get to the point, her inner voices were telling her. Her tongue and the roof of her mouth felt like Velcro. Finally she blurted, â€Å"So-so, um, how is your aunt right now?† â€Å"She's-fine.† That instant's hesitation was all Mary-Lynnette needed. Her old suspicions, her old panic, surged up immediately. Making her feel bright and cold, like aknife made of ice. She found herself saying in a confident, almost chirpy voice, â€Å"Well, could I just talk to her for a minute? Would you mind? It's just that I have something sort of important to tellher†¦.† She made a move as if to step over the threshold. Rowan kept on blocking the door. â€Å"Oh, I'm sosorry. Butwell, that's not really possible rightnow.† â€Å"Oh, is it one of her headaches? I've seen her in bed before.† Mary-Lynnette gave a little tinkly laugh. â€Å"No, it's not a headache.† Rowan spoke gently, deliberately. â€Å"The truth is that she's gone for a few days.† â€Å"Gone?† â€Å"I know.† Rowan made a little grimace acknowledging that this was odd. â€Å"She just decided to take a few days off. A little vacation.† â€Å"But-gosh, with you girls just getting here†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Mary-Lynnette's voice was brittle. â€Å"Well, you see, she knew we'd take care of thehouse for her. That's why she waited until we came.† â€Å"But-gosh,† Mary-Lynnette said again. She felt aspasm in her throat. â€Å"Where-just where did she go?† â€Å"Up north, somewhere on the coast. I'm not sure of the name of the town.† â€Å"But . . .† Mary-Lynnette's voice trailed off. Back off, her inner voices warned.Now was the time to be polite, to be cautious. Pushing it meant showing this girl that Mary-Lynnette knew something was wrong with this story. And since somethingwas wrong, thisgirl might be dangerous†¦. It was hard to believe that while looking at Rowan'ssweet, grave face. She didn't look dangerous. But thenMary-Lynnette noticed something else. Rowan was barefoot. Her feet were as creamy-pale as the rest ofher, but sinewy. Something about them, the way they were placed or the clean definition of the toes, made Mary-Lynnette think of those feet running. Of savage, primal speed. When she looked up, there was another girl walking up behind Rowan. The one with dark golden hair. Her skin was milky instead of blossomy, and her eyes were yellow. â€Å"This is Kestrel,† Rowan said. â€Å"Yes,† Mary-Lynnette said. She realized she was staring. And realized, the moment after that, that shewas scared. Everything about Kestrel made her thinkof savage, primal movement. The girl walked as if she were flying. â€Å"What's going on?† Kestrel said. â€Å"This is Mary-Lynnette,† Rowan said, her, voice still pleasant. â€Å"She lives down the road. She came to see Aunt Opal.† â€Å"Really just to see if you needed anything,† MaryLynnette interjected quickly. â€Å"We're sort of your only neighbors.† Strategy change, she was thinking. About-face. Looking at Kestrel, she believed in danger. Now all she wanted was to keep these girls from guessing what she knew. â€Å"You're a friend of Aunt Opal's?† Kestrel asked silkily. Her yellow eyes swept Mary-Lynnette, first up, then down. â€Å"Yeah, I come over sometimes, help her withthe†-oh, God, don't say gardening-â€Å"goats. Um, I guess she told you that they need to be milked everytwelve hours.† Rowan's expression changed fractionally. MaryLynnette's heart gave a violent thud. Mrs. B. would never,everleave without giving instructions aboutthe goats. â€Å"Of course she told us,† Rowan said smoothly, justan instant too late. Mary-Lynnette's palms were sweating. Kestrelhadn't taken that keen, dispassionate, unblinkinggaze off her for a moment. Like the proverbial birdof prey staring down the proverbial rabbit. â€Å"Well, it'sgetting late and I bet you guys have things to do. I should let you go.† Rowan and Kestrel looked at each other. Then theyboth looked at Mary-Lynnette, cinnamon-brown eyes and golden eyes fixed intently on her face.Mary-Lynnette had the falling feeling in her stomach again. â€Å"Oh, don't goyet,† Kestrel said silkily. â€Å"Why don'tyou come inside?†

Identify and select a contemporary management issue from current Essay

Identify and select a contemporary management issue from current affairs - Essay Example Body Globalisation There are various perspectives which can be used to explain and define globalisation. These perspectives and explanations span the historical, economic, and socio-cultural realms. For purposes of this discussion, the economic perspective shall be considered. Higgott and Reich (1998, p. 8) discuss that globalisation â€Å"might be characterized functionally as an intrinsically related series of economic phenomena†. Under this perspective, inclusive aspects of globalisation would also embrace liberalisation, the deregulation of trade activities, the reduction of state control functions, expansion of foreign direct investments, and the coordination of capital markets (Higgott and Reich, 1998). A globalised economy also means that the sale, production, and the manufacture of goods can be made on the wider global market. Labour would also be able to include the global citizenry, with a possibility of covering a more diverse, more talented, and an even more skille d labour market. The article by Schifferes (2007) discusses that globalisation seems to have a significant impact on rich and poor countries, â€Å"transforming regions such as Detroit of Bangalore from boom to bust – or vice versa – in a generation†. ... Globalisation has been an acknowledged element in the economic progress seen in the past few decades, and more apparently in recent years; moreover, its benefits seem to be spreading not just to the developed states, but to the developing and emerging economies of Asia. Multinational corporations (MNCs) have also thrived well under this globalized economy as these corporations have built numerous manufacturing plants in various countries in order to take advantage of cheap labour and more accessible natural resources (Schifferes, 2007). MNCs have also found globalisation to be largely advantageous to them due to the difficulties in tracking their progress; in effect, some of them have actually become virtual corporations as they outsource many of their production activities to other countries like Asia (Schifferes, 2007). As the developing nations and emerging economies have been enjoying the fruits of globalisation, developed nations seem to be experiencing some of its pitfalls. It seems that globalisation has become a global equalizer as it is stripping away many of the advantages which the developed nations used to have over the developing countries. Now the economic playing field is on equal ground with the richer countries needing the cheap labour and lower production costs, while the emerging economies are continuing to enjoy major gains in profits and a larger access into the global market. As the developing countries and emerging economies are benefiting well from the globalization activities, the West has become anxious about globalization. In the UK, investors have been worried about outsourcing white collar jobs with the general public protesting about the thousands of jobs being outsourced

The effects of mergers and acquisitions on small business lending Essay

The effects of mergers and acquisitions on small business lending - Essay Example Besides the expected advantages arising from consolidations taking place in small businesses, mergers and acquisitions play an important role in increasing the size of banking institutions in a country. These benefits include; mobilizing of domestic savings, which are necessary for investments, deepening and increasing intermediation processes, as well as reduction of inefficiencies entrenched in businesses and other economic activities. However, there is one thing that has remained unclear in many economies, that is; the impact that mergers and acquisition have on credit creation to small and medium-sized businesses in a country. Studies indicate that large and complex organisations that are created by mergers and acquisitions in the banking sector are less disposed compared to small institutions that are less complex. The research further reveals that most of these borrowers in small businesses are dependent on banks for credit; however, they hardly get it following the new business developments in the banking sector. The reason for this development follows the fact that the large financial institutions resulting from mergers and acquisition in the banking are usually not interested in extending loans and other credit facilities that requite close knowledge of particular small business (Haq 2005). This comes about because there are several diseconomies that arise from the process of such loans, as well as other financial products to not only small business, but also to medium-sized enterprises. The diseconomies that large financial institutions face in advancing credit to small businesses often arises from several factors, first, lending to these businesses is distinctly different in terms of their activities, which requires the mergers and acquisitions to have different technologies and a special lending culture that takes care of these concerns (Haq

Respond to the videos, at least 4 pages paper detailing your take Movie Review

Respond to the videos, at least 4 pages paper detailing your take awaysdouble-spaced, 12 point, Times New Roman - Movie Review Example To begin with, it is largely suggested that the United States companies were among the first to point out the necessity to pay attention towards Ethics as well as engage it into the business activities. In other words, it would not be a mistake to suggest that this awareness originated in the West. There was another term mentioned in the video – the insiders. Indeed, insider trading is one of the negative phenomena that are witnessed in the modern business world and poses a great example of unethical behavior. In addition to that, this is a problem that has been largely addressed by the American businesses. What is more important is that the notion of business ethics is often associated with different scandals that appear around it. Indeed, the majority of publications use as examples the situations when companies violated ethical rule. In other words, the public tends to learn about existence of business ethics primarily through news about scandals and not when a company is c arrying out a successful ethical policy. Finally, the message that is sent in the first video can be best explained by the actions of one of the characters. A well dressed man, who is undoubtedly a business man, was unable to provide a comprehensive definition of what business ethics is and preferred to threat the audience with a gun in stead of answering the question. In spite of the fact that this situation is somewhat exaggerated, it shows that some people in the business world find the concept of business ethics extremely inconvenient. The second video is titled Business Ethics in the 21st Century and it focuses on the role this concept plays in the contemporary times. From the very beginning the present argues that some people suggest that business ethics should be regarded as oxymoron which is a combination of world with contradicting meaning. However, if one takes

Career planning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Career planning - Essay Example I am majoring in accounting with my previous major being computer science, which means that I am endowed with strong and extensive computer skills and problem solving abilities. Upon graduation at the end of this year, I intend to seek employment with a public accounting firm within a period of one year. This will help boost and advance my accounting knowledge and skills. Now, I want to develop a formidable base with regard to my experience through exposure to a comprehensive range of business fields. I want to acquire focused expertise in accounting, but at the same time maintain career flexibility so that I am not inclined to pursue only a single career line. Attaining these short-term objectives will act as a stepping stone and will guide me towards attaining my long-term ambitions. Work location and remuneration will not be an impediment to my quest to gain skill and experience. In the short-term, I would like to continue working for the public accounting firm. I will attend a graduate school as a pert time student while working. As I work and concurrently attend school, I hope that my skills and experience will greatly be enhanced, and the achievement of my short-term goals will then propel me to the next level of my career. I intend to sit for and pass CPA exams in five years. Furthering my education and experience will give me a competitive advantage. In the long-term, I intend to keep on climbing the corporate ladder, and later work for the company as an accountant. It is my desire to conclude my professional career by retiring on a peak note. I also intend to sit for and pass the CFA exams. This will provide me with a wide choice of career options. I would like to a long, comfortable and illustrious career life, and thereafter a simple post employment retirement life. I will obtain immense satisfaction from knowing that I touched people’s lives and

Ethical Issues in HRM Strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Ethical Issues in HRM Strategy - Essay Example Thus, the rewards of practicing effective HRM practices are inevitable just as the dire consequences of sidestepping HRM principles are sure. Question 1 The area that overlaps in the new client organization with others that I have served in has to do with organizational performance. Herein, other areas such as creating a feasible performance target, carrying out performance appraisal, and establishing the best way for sealing performance gap emerge. This overlap is underpinned by the fact that performance is the main reason for general organization existence. Creating a performance target directly relates to all organization’s goals, vision and mission statement. Performance appraisal, on the other hand, will help determine whether an organization has hit its target or not, at the end of a fiscal year. Question 2 There are certain ethical issues that may accost the ratification of expert knowledge of other organizational HRM strategies with the new client. Particularly, the pr oposition that the client organization downsizes some of its staff to avoid redundancy and as part of closing the performance gap readily brings ethical concerns. This may mean that there are many who are going to forfeit their source of livelihood, their input in and experience with the client organization notwithstanding. Similarly, the signing of performance contracts may also underscore the ethical concern above since an employee’s security of tenure will be pegged on his performance. Conversely, persuading a part of the staff to embrace workshop and training programs may be an ethical challenge, given that some in this section may be older, both in terms of age and tenure in the client organization. At the same time, workshop drives and training programs may eat into employees’ private and family lives if study travels are involved (O'Higgins & Kelleher, 2005). Question 3 One of the best approaches to customizing HRM strategy to business strategies is the incorpor ation of HRM strategies into the business organization’s mission statement, objectives and strategy. By doing this, the business organization’s synergy will be extended and channeled towards the fulfillment of the client organization’s mission statement and long-term objectives. At the same time, the modus operandi that the business organization will be using is one that will be in tandem with HRM strategies. Some of these strategies that an organization may incorporate into its performance strategies may include the signing of performance contracts, introducing and observing workshop drives and training programs, and using behavioral techniques which portend the introduction of rewards (for diligent and committed employees) and punishment (for employees who consistently and knowingly disregard due diligence and proper workmanship) (Valentine & Hollingworth, 2012). As Caldwell and Truong (2011) suggest, another way by which HRM strategies can be customized to bu siness strategies is by making HRM strategies part of the organizational hierarchy. This means that the human resource manager must feature among other top echelons of the organization such as finance, marketing, corporate planning, supply chain management, sales and management. At the same

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Candidiasis - Essay Example in its thriving conditions that can be triggered by dampness, impaired defenses and heat provide a productive environment that triggers their growth (Goehring, 2008). Other risk factors include restrictive clothing, poor hygiene, inflammatory diseases, suppression of immunity and altered flora by antibiotic administration (Kourkoumpetis et al., 2010) Different types of candida exist, but majorities are caused by the Candida albicans species. The case presented by the patient is Candidiasis (moniliasis), which occurs on the skin, but commonly attacks intertriginous areas (body parts where two skin areas touch or rub together), genitals, oral mucosa and cuticles (Kauffman, 2011). Symptoms of skin infections include intense itching, red growing skin rash on skin folds and pimple-like infections of hair follicles. Treatment for intertriginous candidiasis starts with a diagnosis by clinical appearance and examination of a sample of skin for testing (Kauffman, 2011). Intertriginous infection is commonly treated with drying agents such as burrow solution that oozes lesions and topical or oral antifungals. For extensive infections, a mixture of oral and topical antifungals can be used for better relief. Patients are also advised to ensure they take preventive measures that aim at keeping the fungal environment stable. In conclusion, fungal infections especially among women are mostly confused with sexually transmitted diseases. One ought to differentiate between the two by establishing that such infections thrive in warm, moist and sweaty conditions that are presented in the event friction occurs when skin parts rub or touch each other. Kourkoumpetis, T., Manolakaki, D., Velmahos, G., Chang, Y., Alam, B., De Moya, M., Sailhamer, A. and Mylonakis, E. (2010).  "Candida infection and colonization among non-trauma emergency surgery patients".  Virulence  1  (5):

Love your enemy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Love your enemy - Essay Example I was on my way to school and came across a group of young men sited on a bench talking animatedly. As I was passing by, one of them shouted offensively at me, making it seem like everyone of my kind was part of the ISIS militia group. The recent killings and beheadings in Syria and the Arab world were making it difficult for ethnical compatibility especially in the United States, which has suffered in the hands of terror groups. The society has turned to condemning anyone looking like a Muslim making them feel unwelcome. Before passing by this group of guys, I had not realized that which was happening in the Middle East was having a ripple effect across the world. I ignored them and walked away without giving it a second thought. However, I remembered that a friend of mine had told me of a similar incident and this all started to add up. We were an enemy even if we were not related to ISIS’s actions in any way. We were labeled terrorists even if people had no evidence to thei r claims. Examining why most of the people were joining such radical groups, I realized it was partly because of what the society was doing to innocent people. The labeling theory was taking shape at the expense of the togetherness expected within the society. Despite the religious animosity across many parts of the world, it is quite simple to make good use of the situation at hand, and this implies having to deal with clouded emotions with sobriety. It will not be easy, but it is worthwhile. If the society did this often, the religious wars and crimes in the neighborhood would be minimized. Like the Holy Book commands, it is critical to be a witness of fair dealings even when people hate you for it. Despite one’s religion, it is easy to extend an olive branch to the other party and feel happy for doing such. I learned that my reactions after this incident would determine whether I could look at my enemies and consider them as my friends. The brewing hatred is

Informative Speech Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Informative Speech - Essay Example It is reported that during the time, over million people gathered at the Square in protest of the Hosni Mubarak’s government (Mohyeldin, 2011). Even though the uprising was generally a non-violent protest, there were numerous instances of violence and it is reported that around 800 have been and 6000 have been injured. Often there were clashes seen between the protestors and pro-Mubarak demonstrators. This revolution was termed as the victory of the youth who took part in great numbers in the protest. Finally, after 18 days on 11 February 2011 President Hosni Mubarak was ousted after 30 years in power (Parks, 2011). The revolution achieved what intended to achieve what baffles many is that such a revolution occurred in Egypt. Governments, academics, pundits accept that none had expected a revolution of such scale and magnitude in Egypt. This is best summed by the statement from Hillary Clinton, US Secretary of State, on the day protests began: â€Å"Our assessment is that the Egyptian government is stable and is looking for ways to respond to the legitimate needs and interests of the Egyptian people.† (Sowers, 2012). This is because Hosni Mubarak’s regime was a good example of durable authoritarianism and its rulers were smart authoritarians. Media was not controlled and relatively free; civic associations, parties and elections were allowed; the government smartly managed the country as compared to other autocratic rules in the region or anywhere else. But then they were ousted in 18 days (Sowers, 2012). There are 3 explanations that have been put forward to make sense of the situation. First is technology. Technology played a great role in the uprising. For the first time young people participated in the protest in great numbers employed new mediums made available by technology to keep the protest alive. Mediums like Twitter and Facebook were greatly utilized to gather crowds and spread the word about what

Business in China Essay Example for Free

Business in China Essay There are many cross cultural differences that would need to be taken into consideration if a US company were to expand into China. Language is an important cultural difference that has to be taken into consideration. It would be wise to consult a native speaker. Due to various dialects and local slang a translation of something would have to be understood by all and to not offend a particular market. An American advertisement in English would be understood by all of the US but a Chinese advertisement in one of the seven Chinese dialects would not be understood by everyone in China. An American advertisement or product info that is mistranslated could make it off putting to consumers or investors. The legal system in China is vastly different than in the US. Corruption is rampant in China when doing business and often times bribes are necessary in order to ensure that your operation runs according to plan. The legal system in China is more difficult to navigate and lacks neutrality as the China Communist Party is in complete control of it. The US legal system has more neutrality, transparency and it is easier to file court cases. Bribes in the US would be completely illegal and never permissible. Gender is another cultural difference between the US and China. Gender inequality in China has existed throughout history and just recently laws are being passed in order to ensure equality but discrimination is still experienced. Women are still expected to do all housework even if they have a job and they normally make less than their male counterparts. Although the situation is improving, males are more favored in business dealings. A US company would need to be hesitant in sending a female executive to China to do any new dealings as Chinese companies might not be as comfortable compared to if they were dealing with a male. B The safety of products in the US is very different as compared to China. China is known for their cheap goods but they come at a health cost as low quality standards often lead to toxic or unsafe products. Many US companies outsource their production in order to lower costs and US products are often  recalled due to lead or other chemicals being found in the products after they have been purchased by the consumer. In the US this would not happen due to high industry quality standards and regulations. In China companies must strictly implement their own safety standards and monitor that they are being followed in order to ensure quality products up to standards. In the US, food and medical related products would need to follow the strict guidelines of the FDA in order to be able to sell the product on the market. In China, a food or medical product by the same company would not have as strict guildelines as compared to the US, but the FDA has been training Chinese companies on how to produce safer products. Products are often cheaper in price in China due to cheaper labor and production. China is able to produce products on such a large scale that it further decreases the price of each individual product. Workers are paid significantly lower wages as compared to the US. Chinese companies often receive the taxes they paid on products back if it is exported and this also keeps prices low. In the US products are not commonly advertised with a price ending in zero such as $10 or $20. Instead the product would be advertised one cent less at $9.99 or $19.99 because having the product price at the lower dollar amount makes the product seem more att ractive. In China there is much emphasis on the luck of certain numbers and 8 is one of the luckiest number in Chinese culture and many companies use this to their advantage by advertising products with prices ending in 8. Products are often promoted very differently between the US and China. Advertisements in the US often make it seem as though a particular product such as vodka will give you the adventurous life of the model in the advertisement. In China, advertisements for luxury products are banned as it doesn’t fit with the China Communist Party’s want to promote thrifty values and not promote extravagance. In China, a company new to the market must advertise its product with an emphasis on affirming its products safety due to the rampant counterfeiting and low product safety in China. In the US, a new company to the market would advertise its product with an emphasis on its distinguishing features or cheaper price as product safety is not an issue in the US. There is a large portion of China’s population that lives in rural areas and products have not normally marketed towards them due to the lack of infrastructure to effectively reach them. Recently, companies are marketing outside of major cities as  infrastructure is improving. This is compared to the US where the USPS can send a package to any address in the country in a few days. In the US businesses utilize large semi trailers to effectively distribute large batches products across the country as all city streets are able to accommodate the large trucks and the US highway system reaches to every part of the country. In China, businesses send out smaller batches to each store as space is often more limited but most major cities limit the use of trucks. Shipments must then be sent by vans or cars which is less efficient. Although the situation is improving, bribes are very common when doing business in China. Bribes are expected in order to cut through bureaucratic red tape. Not giving bribes would put a company at a disadvantage to their competitors. Any sort of bribery or corruption is highly illegal in the US and illegal for all US companies. In the US, workers must normally be at least 16 with permission or 18 to hold a job in order to not exploit children in the workforce. Child labor is a huge problem in China due to lack of enforcement of policies. Due to poverty, families are letting their children which can be as young as 5 years old be exploited by working in extreme conditions and long hours. If a US company was caught hiring child workers not only would it be ethically wrong but it would be a major hit to the companies reputation.

Effects on Buyer Behaviour in Arab Culture

Effects on Buyer Behaviour in Arab Culture Introduction The aim of this research is to investigate and further analyse those key factors which affect the buyer behaviour in Arabs and especially as health is the basic need of every human being, considering every aspect of the society never promote any uneven deal in regard to health issues. In this research it will explore and investigate that during in such environment and understanding the cultural, religious etc. of the Arab different societies their choice of health care means when they are coming abroad for advance and equipped treatment, before what factors an Arab patient consider. Arab culture is basically composed on Islam, and their culture is a full translation of Islam. Culture is a Latin word â€Å"cultura† which means improvement of the soil and total transformation of the nature. The valid and modern meaning of culture is designation of spiritual development and upbringing. Culture most authentic definition is in most common sense that culture is the spiritual perfection and human development. Culture understanding is mainly concern with sprit and spiritual power. Culture is the spirit and a valid identity of a nation. Every nation has its own culture and this culture is playing a vital role in the building of a healthy society. Because every society has its own culture that characterises it. Every society has some beliefs and these beliefs are strictly followed by every person of existing society. Arabs are mainly 22 different countries with different culture and different sects and religion, their common language is Arabic with a few other dialects. Arabs are mainly divided like 10 countries in Africa and 12 in Asia, according to UNDP report 1993 its total population is 230 million in 22 different countries, representing in majority Muslim and in minority Christian and Jewish. Arabs are mainly living in joint family system; every person is more dependent on each and every person. They respect each and every person and especially the elders and give them proper attention due to their age and experience, and always play a vital role in making any decision. Arabs always consider and never cross the boundaries of Islam, and their belief is very strong in God, it is a strong belief that every happiness and sorrow is from God. A very common and with a strong belief that when any uneven or a good thing happen, it is consider that it is the fortune which born with him and a divine from God. The key factors which influence the buyer behaviour in Arab are culture, social, personal and psychological factors. In Arab society there is joint family system and an individual person is not free in its decision, because its all family are more concern about taking in decision and more extent its choice is influenced by the family, culture and personal and psychological factors i.e. its beliefs (religion), perception, motivation and learning. These are the key factors which influence the consumer buying power, in such a situation how an Arab then goes to select a health service in his country or abroad which satisfy his all factors i.e. its religion, culture and social. Reason for Choosing this Topic: Reason for choosing this topic is mainly relevant to my experience in marketing field, being more involved and studied a lot about the history of Arabs and interest in marketing field, also Arab is the new emerging market for business thats why I am optimistic that this theses will enhance my abilities and give a strength to my career in the chosen field. I personally worked in a tobacco company â€Å"WTD PAKISTAN† for more than three years and counted as consumer based company because it is mainly based on tobacco selling products. That why it becomes a solid and main reason for choosing this topic. Moreover with my personal experience and after reviewing literature, that different countries have different lifestyle, culture, different approaches in making decisions, different choices and different taste and different level of satisfaction. It seems interesting to me for research and enhance my capability in marketing. This topic is providing a broad/vast analysis to underlin e the key factors which influence the buyer power of buying because it is thoroughly proved from lot of theories and researches that consumer/ buyer all over the world has certain level of satisfaction, which is disturb by some factors existing in its surrounding environment. To evaluate these influences by considering academic resources, online journals and literature from authentic resources will enhance my knowledge and capabilities to do a better job in my real life. Literature Review:- Literature review is playing a vital role in completing of dissertation chosen and moreover will help me in completing my final dissertation has significant importance to complete my dissertation topic and ultimately to help me in completing my final dissertation. So in this context, some introductory literature review has been brought forward which have helped me in finalising my research topic and questions to be investigated. Moreover the essential and sufficient material for my chosen research topic review of literature, journals current articles from the authentic resources (magazines, newspaper) and academic books will give me help me in completing my task. International marketing: According to (Burca. D. C, 2004) that international marketing is the process of planning and undertaking transactions across national boundaries that involves exchange. The above statement gives an idea about the international marketing that it provides a platform for business across the boundaries or between different countries, and these businesses between different countries are under some rules and regulation. When the transaction takes place across national boundaries then the international marketers are subjected to different set of macro environmental factors and constrain deriving from different political system, legal frame work, cultural norms, and economic circumstances. Marketing is basically concern with exporting of products or services e.g. it very common that purchasing a chair from IKEA but in reality it will be imported from other countries or it parts will be export from other country but assembled in UK. Same if it is brought under discussion like computer and is accessories so it is clear those materials comes from India and software comes from china or Japan and product assembled in UK or other European countries. This idea of global import or exchange nourish in the shadow of international marketing, because international marketing introduce such rules and regulation for international marketer like licensing to joint ventures and contracts between two parties. According to (Sargeant. A, et al, 2002) that marketing is all about marshalling the resources of an organisation to meet the changing needs of customers on whom the organisation depends. Simply it will be quoted as marketing is all about how an organisation addresses its marketers. Customers needs are the starting point for marketing activity. Then the marketing manager tries to identify those needs and develop product or service, which satisfy customer needs through an exchange process. According to chartered institute of marketing that marketing is the management process which identifies, anticipates and supplies customer requirements efficiently and profitability. According to (Shaughnessy. O. J, 1995) that marketing covers those activities that relate the organisation to those parts of the outside world that use, buy, sell or influence the outputs it produces and the benefits and services it offers. Simply marketing is the debate in organisation is what to offer, to whom, when, where, how, and for how much. Concept of marketing: Globalisation of goods and services created more opportunities for the customers to choose among the products. But customer expectations from the product or service in the available market are higher, because they paid the asked price for the service or product. It is the main duty of company that before launching any product or service they understand the needs of consumers in the market. When a company understand the expectation and needs of consumer by providing a product or service which meets the need of customer than marketer can develop a successful marketing strategy for the target market. Customers: A customer is generally understood the person who make the decision to buy a product or service, which pays for it. The product or service purchased by one person but consume by another person. So it is clear that customer and consumer will be same person. The terminology can imply something about the relationship between a company and its customer. Different customers within a market have different needs, which they seek to satisfy. To be fully marketing oriented a company needs to provide a product or service in the market which meet the needs of each individual. For this purpose they positioned their product or service in the markets which meet the need of that group. Needs: It is referred to something deep rooted in an individual personality. The satisfaction of need is conditioned by cultural values of the society from which they belong. In some culture needs for self fulfilment may be satisfied by religious penance, while in other societys needs may be satisfied by creative talent. According to Maslows theory that customer are motivated by their desire to satisfy complex needs. It is also recognised that once an individual have satisfied basic physiological needs, then they may be motivated by higher order social and self fulfilment needs. Value: It is a ratio of perceived benefits to price paid. Customer will evaluate benefits according to the extent to which a product allows their needs to be satisfied. Customers also evaluate the benefits of products compared to the benefits of other products placed competitively in the market. Consumer places a value on a product or service which is different from the value presumed by supplier. Value can be added by better specifying a product offer in accordance with customer expectation. If the price of a product or service is set higher it will affect its sale. If the price is set low it will increase its sale but affect its profit. Exchange: it is a way through which goods and services to be acquired. It implies that one party makes some sacrifices to another party in return to receive something of value. Other party expect same something of value. In market based economies there is a presumption that each party can decide whether or not to enter into an exchange with each other. Each party is also free to choose between a numbers of potential partners. Basically exchange takes the form of a product being exchanged for money. Market: the term market has traditionally been used â€Å"a place where buyers and sellers gather to exchange goods or services†. Market simpler and of value definition is that it is the interaction between buyers and sellers. Marketing Mix: It is very important for the marketers to consider the marketing mix before launching any product or service. It provides a great deal of knowledge about the operating market and then how, where and to whom the product should be target in the market. Product: product is the main source by which an organisation satisfy customer or consumer needs. Product offered by an organisation is tangible or intangible in nature must satisfy the needs of potential customer. The elements of product mix are quality levels, styling, special design features, durability, packaging, range of sizes or options, warranties, after sales service and brand images which is controlled by marketers. Pricing: it is a critical element and determines the revenue that will be generated. Setting prices is a difficult part of marketing mix. Prices are determined by the interaction of market forces. Marketers set prices for individual products on the basis of what they cost to produce, what the competition is charging and what customer are prepared to pay. Price decision also involve deciding on the relationship between prices charged for different products within a firms range and decision about the price strategy over time. Place: it plays a very important role in decision making, Choice of right place for product or service to be launched. Customers mostly prefer to buy the product or service from the nearest distributor. Organisation right decision of place provides an opportunity to customers to gain access to its products and services easily. Promotion: promotion is a best source of communication for marketers to highlight or communicate the benefits of their product and service to their target market. Promotion can be used by different methods like advertising, personal selling, public relation, sales promotion, sponsorship and by direct marketing method. Promotion method should be not the same in every culture. It will be different according to the requirement of different culture where an organisation operates. Fundamentals of marketing: According to (Dwyer. F. R, et al, 1987) states that identification and satisfaction of consumer needs by providing a product or service of value to fulfil the consumer expectation by developing a proper marketing plan or strategy. It is necessary for marketing managers to understand the position of their organisation. The marketing managers always plan and develop strategies for launching their product or service in market, before they should know about the position of their product or service in the market and factors which makes their product attractive and of value to the consumers. According to (Kasper, 2001) that it is very important for an organisation to know when, where and how the consumer thinks that their product or service is different from other potential and current competitors in the market. Porters strategy of differentiation gives knowledge to an organisation that how they are different from their competitors. Organisation must identify the customer orientation before developing its marketing strategy. Benchmarking of customer, organisation and competitors in market are the key function of marketing, such a benchmarking move them to decide a differentiation strategy. Elements of marketing fundamentals: Customer orientation: It is very necessary for an organisation to understand in depth its target buyers, then develop or produce a product or service of high or superior value/ quality to fulfil the needs of customers. Customers are the only source who can accept or reject the product value or feedback from consumer is the absolute source for an organisation to know the value and position of their product in the market and among competitors. Customer orientation requires that a company understand not only the present value to the customer, but also how this is likely to evolve over time. Competitor Orientation: when an organisation focusing on its customers, so it is also necessary for an organisation to look that how a competitor is satisfying its consumer needs. An organisation needs to understand the short term strengths and weaknesses and long term capabilities and strategies of current and potential competitors in the operated market. Interfunctional co- ordination: It is very important for marketing managers to develop marketing plan, which not only give promise to customers and marketing staff. But the marketing plans only develop for creating value products and services. Marketing orientation needs to draw upon and integrate its human and physical resources effectively and adapt them to meet customers needs. Customers always pay attention that what an organisation is offering in the market which completely satisfies the expectation of consumers; product or service which satisfies the customer expectation must be of value. And when customer satisfies from the outcome of product or service it directly produces more chances of repeat business and dissatisfaction may lead to failure and negative experience which may limit the business of such an organisation. Factors influencing buyer behaviour: According to Usunier (2000) that before purchasing there is no concept of seeing, smelling and touching. This gives an idea about the shape, colour and space during the purchase in some cultures. In the case of healthcare, when someone is buying healthcare he looks to certain points by knowing that purchasing a product will be not same to purchase a service. In case of healthcare there is no guarantee that an individual will get optimistic benefits. The healthcare provider must provide in the market of healthcare some reasonable and attractive, competitive and consumer encouraging packages which attract the consumer to buy their packages like price, advance treatment, accommodation and high and quick service. It encourages the consumer that they are receiving the very best and high quality service available in the healthcare market. Todays world is a hub of marketing and in every sector there is a trend of competition every organisation is trying to capture more market share by launching more consumers attractive packages, to promote and encourage their own product and service. Devetags model (1999) of consumer behaviour This model is basically represent the industrial and corporate change is only brought here under discussion for the process of making decision and influences on the consumer behaviour in case of buying health care. This model represents the different products or services and provides the grounds to the consumer to choose the product or service. Devetags model provides grounds for the consumer to choose between products â€Å"A† United Kingdom and products â€Å"B† (Home country) or other countries products or services in the market. Product â€Å"A† is a superior and expensive quality but product â€Å"B† is also compete the market with superior quality. Devetags model (1999)   Ã‚  Ã‚  In the above Devetags model quality is expressed on y-axis and convenience (price) is expressed on x-axis. In the above diagram product â€Å"A† is competing product â€Å"B†. And the value of product â€Å"A† among the consumer is more than product â€Å"B†, the one reason of choosing product â€Å"A† of superior quality and high price is because the consumer thinks that â€Å"Give something and get something of value† is clear that when consumer decide to purchase a product or service then he expect that the chosen product or service will satisfy his needs. Product â€Å"A† has a good reputation in the market due to its quality and price, which makes the minds of consumers, that the product is reliable and meets the requirements of consumers. But in the competition of product â€Å"A† and â€Å"B† product â€Å"C† also exist in the market, shown in the diagram inside the box. Product â€Å"C† d ominated by â€Å"B†, which is inferior to â€Å"B† in case of price and quality but still cannot attract more consumer compare product â€Å"A†. Product â€Å"A† demand among the consumers is due to proper advertisement and reputation in the healthcare market. It is clear that in case of health care industry consumer always search the market where they can attain quality product or service at reasonable price. This model is best suitable for decision making and to count the influences on consumer behaviour, because this model highlights psychology of consumer that how consumer choose the product or service among the different available products and services in the market, and how consumer gauge the quality of product or service and underline the importance of chosen product and then purchased it. According to (Pekkala et al, 1983) that a reliable product needs to be introduce and advertise in the intended market before launching. It means that the product or service needs proper market segmentation, and also advertisement in the relevant business environment. It is compulsory that the marketers appreciate the culture of a country in which he operates. It is clear from the above statement that culture should be consider when ever providing a service or product in the market of a country. Because culture plays an important role in promoting the product â€Å"A† and â€Å"B† which attract more consumer all over the world because product â€Å"A† is acceptable to the people of a country in which he operates. It clears that before launching or introducing any product or service the cultural values of a country should be considered. According to Economist (2009) that NHS chief David Nicholson is planning to introduce improvement in the efficiency and productivity of NHS on larger scale. In coming 2013 NHS budget 15% of wealth will be spent on health care services in the UK to fulfil the rising demand with best suitable resources, thus the NHS will be consumer attractive organization in the world market, will play a role model in the health care industry of world. NHS is from long years a cheap compare to America and other developed European countries. NHS provides a standard service at low cost, and this is happening only due to the effort of General practitioners (GPs). But health care in other countries like Denmark and Netherland is more expensive and physician are act as gatekeeper, means that health buyer never goes for treatment due to high price and low quality. In the above Devetags model UK NHS will be awarded as product â€Å"A† due to high quality and reasonable price, and planning for the future and spending more money on the health sector will enhance their share in the market, more consumers will attain NHS. Arabs comes to United Kingdom due to the high quality service like able and experienced doctors, equipped and up to date laboratories and due to recent researches in the medical sciences, on reasonable prices treatment attract more Arabs health consumer to get benefit from the UK health industry. Due to the proper advertisement and promotion in the market, introduced by the UK health care industry marketers attract more Arabs patients because they are more vulnerable and easily attract towards the available services. Cultural influences on consumer behaviour: According to Tylor (1913) that â€Å"culture is complex and interrelated set of elements, comprising knowledge, beliefs and values, arts, law, manners and morals and all other kinds of skills and habits acquired by a human being as a member of a particular society†. It is clear from the above statement of Tylor that culture is not composed on one thing but it is a set of elements already exist in a society, and every society is mainly composed on the beliefs and values (religion) of people living, attitude, habitat, architecture and adopted rules and regulation to survive in the society. Ralph Linton (1945) describe the culture as it is the configuration of learned behaviour and results of behaviour whose components elements are shared and transmitted by the particular society, furthermore he indicates the limits of the cultural programming which the society can impose on the individual. Ralph Linton describe the culture more simply that culture is the learning process which result in changes in the behaviour of an individual living in a society, it transmitted from parents to offspring in a very conventional way with its limitation, because every society has cultural limits, compulsory for every individual to obey it. According to Hofstede (1998) that consumer behaviour is cultural dependant. These all above definition provides a broader concept of culture that culture is basically name of shared values developed in particular environment, it gives an idea that one culture is not superior to another culture but may be different due to beliefs and values, knowledge, arts, law, manners and morals, habitat and skills. It is now easier to understand a culture of particular country society, and due to the globalisation of products and services and to provide the equal opportunities to the world population to get benefit from these globalised product or service it necessary to introduce the acceptable marketing and advertising strategies globally. Because one uniform marketing and advertisement strategy is not appropriate as whole, it is evident that marketing and advertisement strategy for West is never works in the Middle East due to their cultural restriction. According to De Mooji (1997) that products are globalised but people are not globalised, products are accepted in more than one culture due to different and appropriate advertising strategy. Language, concept, number, colour, space and humour are constant among cultures; they are not changeable among cultures. Communication: According to (Burce. C. D, et al, 2004) that communication plays a vital role in conveying the message among the global marketers, and consider as reflection of a culture. There is a difference between countries verbal communication due to the adapted culture and verbal communication is different from one culture to another, it is not different in term of language but also in term of variables like who, what, how, where, when, and why. Communication may be verbal or non verbal having same importance in conveying the message to the recipient in term when a marketer satisfy a consumer. According to (Burce. C. D, et al, 2004) that due to cultural differences people are more likely to communicate with each other without any problem and this fluency in the communication is due to hierarchy, status consciousness, behaviour and other factors which plays the role of gatekeepers. The different method of communication and its uses were brought under discussion, how the message is communicated, which channel is used for this communication e.g. spoken or written etc. and it depends on the availability of channels in the cultures and factors are speed, formality, legality and seniority. Another factor is whether message should be communicated, to know the right authority to which the message will be communicated, and also the time schedule for the communication and the meaning and purpose of communication. Body language has different meaning in different cultures, like feet gesture in west society is consider as attention but in Arabs it is an insult and facial gesture is mos t commonly noticed in the West culture as emotion, happiness and embarrassment but in Arabs culture it is consider as embarrassment and not used for the expression of desire. According to (Morris, 1997) that non verbal communication is not strange when dealing in different cultures, because this section deals with signals and from these received signals one will understand what the other person is conveying him and then to judge to understand the language of these signals and then make its own assumption to believe or trust on whom. Non verbal communication deals with body stress signals e.g. perspiration and licking of lips etc. and lower body signals like foot tapping, frequent crossing and uncrossing of knees etc. and body posture signals are used for boredom like body sagging and slumping, body gesture like movements of hands and facial expression are also used for non verbal communication. Mead (1993) stated that culture and religion is an essential part of lives of the people in every society, and it is compulsory for the health care provider to understand and know the culture and religion of the patient. According to Galanti (1991) that most cultures shares same beliefs, values and practices, it is necessary for health care provider to treat a patient as a family unit not as individual by creating psychological, spiritual and environment of physical needs. Sign and symbols: According to (Unsunier, 1993) that interpretation of symbols is strongly culture bound. The above statement of Unsunier Clearly describe that in every culture they use sign and symbols as a source of communication. This statement provides understanding about the cultural signs and symbols that every culture use very strongly sign and symbols as a source of communication. According to (Goffman, 1963) that headscarf is a symbol of normative cultural values and social relations of class and power that determine our perception. It communicates the individual and collective motivation of those who adopt it, as much as perception that rejects it. The symbol of headscarf makes sense as a language of relationship between those who asset their orientation towards values of Islam and those social classes that owe their status to normative values of modernity, such as equality and liberty. It further argues that stigma refers to individual sign; socially information and individual transmit about himself that disqualifies him and creates an obstacle to being fully accepted by society. In west colours are more used as sign and symbols like black colour is used for mourning while white colour is used in most of Muslim societies as religious and partially used as mourning colour. Red colour is used as symbol of tragedy and warning. In case of numbers 13 is symbol of bad luck in UK and this number is avoid in any department for numbering purpose e.g. no bed is marked in hospital with 13 etc. in Japan 4, Asia 555 and in china and some other countries 7 is consider bad luck numbers. In Pakistan crow and black dog is consider as symbol of bad luck, in India owl, UK black cat and in Japan fox is a symbol of bad luck. It is evident from the above discussion that sign and symbol is a strong source of communication, and always it is necessary for marketers to consider these sign and symbols which rejects by a culture in providing any product or service. Imagery: Images from very beginning plays a vital role in conveying the messages. In marketing pictures are used as strong source of communication and by this the marketers captured more market shares in the market for their own product. Marketers use pictures for the advertisement of a product or service, but it will be acceptable in one culture but may bring disaster in other society. Comparing West culture and Arab, in West culture the advertisement of bra by a naked woman is consider as a routine and essential for advertisement and attract more consumers to buy the product. But in Arabs it will be completely different, it is also true that Arab women are wearing bras but the advertisement strategy for Arabs will be completely different compared to West. It is necessary to have sufficient knowledge about the culture and religion of Arabs. According to (Keegan et al, 1989) that cultural value always plays a vital role on the consumer behaviour and having defined and always gained a considerable attention in marketing, and also its influences on marketing strategy are well presented. It is clear from the above theory that culture is always playing a role in influencing the consumer behaviour, because every society is composed on define culture and every culture has its own values, which may need to be considered during any decision making, needs proper attention during choosing any product/service. For marketers to advertise or promote and introduce a product or service in a specified market, they need to consider the cultural values of the country where they operate. According to (Usunier, 1993) that customer are different in each country, marketers must consider them, and by considering the values, attitudes and tastes between cultures may help in satisfaction of customer. The above theory states that to avoid the influences on consumer behaviour, it is very compulsory to consider the different customer satisfaction. It is also evident Effects on Buyer Behaviour in Arab Culture Effects on Buyer Behaviour in Arab Culture Introduction The aim of this research is to investigate and further analyse those key factors which affect the buyer behaviour in Arabs and especially as health is the basic need of every human being, considering every aspect of the society never promote any uneven deal in regard to health issues. In this research it will explore and investigate that during in such environment and understanding the cultural, religious etc. of the Arab different societies their choice of health care means when they are coming abroad for advance and equipped treatment, before what factors an Arab patient consider. Arab culture is basically composed on Islam, and their culture is a full translation of Islam. Culture is a Latin word â€Å"cultura† which means improvement of the soil and total transformation of the nature. The valid and modern meaning of culture is designation of spiritual development and upbringing. Culture most authentic definition is in most common sense that culture is the spiritual perfection and human development. Culture understanding is mainly concern with sprit and spiritual power. Culture is the spirit and a valid identity of a nation. Every nation has its own culture and this culture is playing a vital role in the building of a healthy society. Because every society has its own culture that characterises it. Every society has some beliefs and these beliefs are strictly followed by every person of existing society. Arabs are mainly 22 different countries with different culture and different sects and religion, their common language is Arabic with a few other dialects. Arabs are mainly divided like 10 countries in Africa and 12 in Asia, according to UNDP report 1993 its total population is 230 million in 22 different countries, representing in majority Muslim and in minority Christian and Jewish. Arabs are mainly living in joint family system; every person is more dependent on each and every person. They respect each and every person and especially the elders and give them proper attention due to their age and experience, and always play a vital role in making any decision. Arabs always consider and never cross the boundaries of Islam, and their belief is very strong in God, it is a strong belief that every happiness and sorrow is from God. A very common and with a strong belief that when any uneven or a good thing happen, it is consider that it is the fortune which born with him and a divine from God. The key factors which influence the buyer behaviour in Arab are culture, social, personal and psychological factors. In Arab society there is joint family system and an individual person is not free in its decision, because its all family are more concern about taking in decision and more extent its choice is influenced by the family, culture and personal and psychological factors i.e. its beliefs (religion), perception, motivation and learning. These are the key factors which influence the consumer buying power, in such a situation how an Arab then goes to select a health service in his country or abroad which satisfy his all factors i.e. its religion, culture and social. Reason for Choosing this Topic: Reason for choosing this topic is mainly relevant to my experience in marketing field, being more involved and studied a lot about the history of Arabs and interest in marketing field, also Arab is the new emerging market for business thats why I am optimistic that this theses will enhance my abilities and give a strength to my career in the chosen field. I personally worked in a tobacco company â€Å"WTD PAKISTAN† for more than three years and counted as consumer based company because it is mainly based on tobacco selling products. That why it becomes a solid and main reason for choosing this topic. Moreover with my personal experience and after reviewing literature, that different countries have different lifestyle, culture, different approaches in making decisions, different choices and different taste and different level of satisfaction. It seems interesting to me for research and enhance my capability in marketing. This topic is providing a broad/vast analysis to underlin e the key factors which influence the buyer power of buying because it is thoroughly proved from lot of theories and researches that consumer/ buyer all over the world has certain level of satisfaction, which is disturb by some factors existing in its surrounding environment. To evaluate these influences by considering academic resources, online journals and literature from authentic resources will enhance my knowledge and capabilities to do a better job in my real life. Literature Review:- Literature review is playing a vital role in completing of dissertation chosen and moreover will help me in completing my final dissertation has significant importance to complete my dissertation topic and ultimately to help me in completing my final dissertation. So in this context, some introductory literature review has been brought forward which have helped me in finalising my research topic and questions to be investigated. Moreover the essential and sufficient material for my chosen research topic review of literature, journals current articles from the authentic resources (magazines, newspaper) and academic books will give me help me in completing my task. International marketing: According to (Burca. D. C, 2004) that international marketing is the process of planning and undertaking transactions across national boundaries that involves exchange. The above statement gives an idea about the international marketing that it provides a platform for business across the boundaries or between different countries, and these businesses between different countries are under some rules and regulation. When the transaction takes place across national boundaries then the international marketers are subjected to different set of macro environmental factors and constrain deriving from different political system, legal frame work, cultural norms, and economic circumstances. Marketing is basically concern with exporting of products or services e.g. it very common that purchasing a chair from IKEA but in reality it will be imported from other countries or it parts will be export from other country but assembled in UK. Same if it is brought under discussion like computer and is accessories so it is clear those materials comes from India and software comes from china or Japan and product assembled in UK or other European countries. This idea of global import or exchange nourish in the shadow of international marketing, because international marketing introduce such rules and regulation for international marketer like licensing to joint ventures and contracts between two parties. According to (Sargeant. A, et al, 2002) that marketing is all about marshalling the resources of an organisation to meet the changing needs of customers on whom the organisation depends. Simply it will be quoted as marketing is all about how an organisation addresses its marketers. Customers needs are the starting point for marketing activity. Then the marketing manager tries to identify those needs and develop product or service, which satisfy customer needs through an exchange process. According to chartered institute of marketing that marketing is the management process which identifies, anticipates and supplies customer requirements efficiently and profitability. According to (Shaughnessy. O. J, 1995) that marketing covers those activities that relate the organisation to those parts of the outside world that use, buy, sell or influence the outputs it produces and the benefits and services it offers. Simply marketing is the debate in organisation is what to offer, to whom, when, where, how, and for how much. Concept of marketing: Globalisation of goods and services created more opportunities for the customers to choose among the products. But customer expectations from the product or service in the available market are higher, because they paid the asked price for the service or product. It is the main duty of company that before launching any product or service they understand the needs of consumers in the market. When a company understand the expectation and needs of consumer by providing a product or service which meets the need of customer than marketer can develop a successful marketing strategy for the target market. Customers: A customer is generally understood the person who make the decision to buy a product or service, which pays for it. The product or service purchased by one person but consume by another person. So it is clear that customer and consumer will be same person. The terminology can imply something about the relationship between a company and its customer. Different customers within a market have different needs, which they seek to satisfy. To be fully marketing oriented a company needs to provide a product or service in the market which meet the needs of each individual. For this purpose they positioned their product or service in the markets which meet the need of that group. Needs: It is referred to something deep rooted in an individual personality. The satisfaction of need is conditioned by cultural values of the society from which they belong. In some culture needs for self fulfilment may be satisfied by religious penance, while in other societys needs may be satisfied by creative talent. According to Maslows theory that customer are motivated by their desire to satisfy complex needs. It is also recognised that once an individual have satisfied basic physiological needs, then they may be motivated by higher order social and self fulfilment needs. Value: It is a ratio of perceived benefits to price paid. Customer will evaluate benefits according to the extent to which a product allows their needs to be satisfied. Customers also evaluate the benefits of products compared to the benefits of other products placed competitively in the market. Consumer places a value on a product or service which is different from the value presumed by supplier. Value can be added by better specifying a product offer in accordance with customer expectation. If the price of a product or service is set higher it will affect its sale. If the price is set low it will increase its sale but affect its profit. Exchange: it is a way through which goods and services to be acquired. It implies that one party makes some sacrifices to another party in return to receive something of value. Other party expect same something of value. In market based economies there is a presumption that each party can decide whether or not to enter into an exchange with each other. Each party is also free to choose between a numbers of potential partners. Basically exchange takes the form of a product being exchanged for money. Market: the term market has traditionally been used â€Å"a place where buyers and sellers gather to exchange goods or services†. Market simpler and of value definition is that it is the interaction between buyers and sellers. Marketing Mix: It is very important for the marketers to consider the marketing mix before launching any product or service. It provides a great deal of knowledge about the operating market and then how, where and to whom the product should be target in the market. Product: product is the main source by which an organisation satisfy customer or consumer needs. Product offered by an organisation is tangible or intangible in nature must satisfy the needs of potential customer. The elements of product mix are quality levels, styling, special design features, durability, packaging, range of sizes or options, warranties, after sales service and brand images which is controlled by marketers. Pricing: it is a critical element and determines the revenue that will be generated. Setting prices is a difficult part of marketing mix. Prices are determined by the interaction of market forces. Marketers set prices for individual products on the basis of what they cost to produce, what the competition is charging and what customer are prepared to pay. Price decision also involve deciding on the relationship between prices charged for different products within a firms range and decision about the price strategy over time. Place: it plays a very important role in decision making, Choice of right place for product or service to be launched. Customers mostly prefer to buy the product or service from the nearest distributor. Organisation right decision of place provides an opportunity to customers to gain access to its products and services easily. Promotion: promotion is a best source of communication for marketers to highlight or communicate the benefits of their product and service to their target market. Promotion can be used by different methods like advertising, personal selling, public relation, sales promotion, sponsorship and by direct marketing method. Promotion method should be not the same in every culture. It will be different according to the requirement of different culture where an organisation operates. Fundamentals of marketing: According to (Dwyer. F. R, et al, 1987) states that identification and satisfaction of consumer needs by providing a product or service of value to fulfil the consumer expectation by developing a proper marketing plan or strategy. It is necessary for marketing managers to understand the position of their organisation. The marketing managers always plan and develop strategies for launching their product or service in market, before they should know about the position of their product or service in the market and factors which makes their product attractive and of value to the consumers. According to (Kasper, 2001) that it is very important for an organisation to know when, where and how the consumer thinks that their product or service is different from other potential and current competitors in the market. Porters strategy of differentiation gives knowledge to an organisation that how they are different from their competitors. Organisation must identify the customer orientation before developing its marketing strategy. Benchmarking of customer, organisation and competitors in market are the key function of marketing, such a benchmarking move them to decide a differentiation strategy. Elements of marketing fundamentals: Customer orientation: It is very necessary for an organisation to understand in depth its target buyers, then develop or produce a product or service of high or superior value/ quality to fulfil the needs of customers. Customers are the only source who can accept or reject the product value or feedback from consumer is the absolute source for an organisation to know the value and position of their product in the market and among competitors. Customer orientation requires that a company understand not only the present value to the customer, but also how this is likely to evolve over time. Competitor Orientation: when an organisation focusing on its customers, so it is also necessary for an organisation to look that how a competitor is satisfying its consumer needs. An organisation needs to understand the short term strengths and weaknesses and long term capabilities and strategies of current and potential competitors in the operated market. Interfunctional co- ordination: It is very important for marketing managers to develop marketing plan, which not only give promise to customers and marketing staff. But the marketing plans only develop for creating value products and services. Marketing orientation needs to draw upon and integrate its human and physical resources effectively and adapt them to meet customers needs. Customers always pay attention that what an organisation is offering in the market which completely satisfies the expectation of consumers; product or service which satisfies the customer expectation must be of value. And when customer satisfies from the outcome of product or service it directly produces more chances of repeat business and dissatisfaction may lead to failure and negative experience which may limit the business of such an organisation. Factors influencing buyer behaviour: According to Usunier (2000) that before purchasing there is no concept of seeing, smelling and touching. This gives an idea about the shape, colour and space during the purchase in some cultures. In the case of healthcare, when someone is buying healthcare he looks to certain points by knowing that purchasing a product will be not same to purchase a service. In case of healthcare there is no guarantee that an individual will get optimistic benefits. The healthcare provider must provide in the market of healthcare some reasonable and attractive, competitive and consumer encouraging packages which attract the consumer to buy their packages like price, advance treatment, accommodation and high and quick service. It encourages the consumer that they are receiving the very best and high quality service available in the healthcare market. Todays world is a hub of marketing and in every sector there is a trend of competition every organisation is trying to capture more market share by launching more consumers attractive packages, to promote and encourage their own product and service. Devetags model (1999) of consumer behaviour This model is basically represent the industrial and corporate change is only brought here under discussion for the process of making decision and influences on the consumer behaviour in case of buying health care. This model represents the different products or services and provides the grounds to the consumer to choose the product or service. Devetags model provides grounds for the consumer to choose between products â€Å"A† United Kingdom and products â€Å"B† (Home country) or other countries products or services in the market. Product â€Å"A† is a superior and expensive quality but product â€Å"B† is also compete the market with superior quality. Devetags model (1999)   Ã‚  Ã‚  In the above Devetags model quality is expressed on y-axis and convenience (price) is expressed on x-axis. In the above diagram product â€Å"A† is competing product â€Å"B†. And the value of product â€Å"A† among the consumer is more than product â€Å"B†, the one reason of choosing product â€Å"A† of superior quality and high price is because the consumer thinks that â€Å"Give something and get something of value† is clear that when consumer decide to purchase a product or service then he expect that the chosen product or service will satisfy his needs. Product â€Å"A† has a good reputation in the market due to its quality and price, which makes the minds of consumers, that the product is reliable and meets the requirements of consumers. But in the competition of product â€Å"A† and â€Å"B† product â€Å"C† also exist in the market, shown in the diagram inside the box. Product â€Å"C† d ominated by â€Å"B†, which is inferior to â€Å"B† in case of price and quality but still cannot attract more consumer compare product â€Å"A†. Product â€Å"A† demand among the consumers is due to proper advertisement and reputation in the healthcare market. It is clear that in case of health care industry consumer always search the market where they can attain quality product or service at reasonable price. This model is best suitable for decision making and to count the influences on consumer behaviour, because this model highlights psychology of consumer that how consumer choose the product or service among the different available products and services in the market, and how consumer gauge the quality of product or service and underline the importance of chosen product and then purchased it. According to (Pekkala et al, 1983) that a reliable product needs to be introduce and advertise in the intended market before launching. It means that the product or service needs proper market segmentation, and also advertisement in the relevant business environment. It is compulsory that the marketers appreciate the culture of a country in which he operates. It is clear from the above statement that culture should be consider when ever providing a service or product in the market of a country. Because culture plays an important role in promoting the product â€Å"A† and â€Å"B† which attract more consumer all over the world because product â€Å"A† is acceptable to the people of a country in which he operates. It clears that before launching or introducing any product or service the cultural values of a country should be considered. According to Economist (2009) that NHS chief David Nicholson is planning to introduce improvement in the efficiency and productivity of NHS on larger scale. In coming 2013 NHS budget 15% of wealth will be spent on health care services in the UK to fulfil the rising demand with best suitable resources, thus the NHS will be consumer attractive organization in the world market, will play a role model in the health care industry of world. NHS is from long years a cheap compare to America and other developed European countries. NHS provides a standard service at low cost, and this is happening only due to the effort of General practitioners (GPs). But health care in other countries like Denmark and Netherland is more expensive and physician are act as gatekeeper, means that health buyer never goes for treatment due to high price and low quality. In the above Devetags model UK NHS will be awarded as product â€Å"A† due to high quality and reasonable price, and planning for the future and spending more money on the health sector will enhance their share in the market, more consumers will attain NHS. Arabs comes to United Kingdom due to the high quality service like able and experienced doctors, equipped and up to date laboratories and due to recent researches in the medical sciences, on reasonable prices treatment attract more Arabs health consumer to get benefit from the UK health industry. Due to the proper advertisement and promotion in the market, introduced by the UK health care industry marketers attract more Arabs patients because they are more vulnerable and easily attract towards the available services. Cultural influences on consumer behaviour: According to Tylor (1913) that â€Å"culture is complex and interrelated set of elements, comprising knowledge, beliefs and values, arts, law, manners and morals and all other kinds of skills and habits acquired by a human being as a member of a particular society†. It is clear from the above statement of Tylor that culture is not composed on one thing but it is a set of elements already exist in a society, and every society is mainly composed on the beliefs and values (religion) of people living, attitude, habitat, architecture and adopted rules and regulation to survive in the society. Ralph Linton (1945) describe the culture as it is the configuration of learned behaviour and results of behaviour whose components elements are shared and transmitted by the particular society, furthermore he indicates the limits of the cultural programming which the society can impose on the individual. Ralph Linton describe the culture more simply that culture is the learning process which result in changes in the behaviour of an individual living in a society, it transmitted from parents to offspring in a very conventional way with its limitation, because every society has cultural limits, compulsory for every individual to obey it. According to Hofstede (1998) that consumer behaviour is cultural dependant. These all above definition provides a broader concept of culture that culture is basically name of shared values developed in particular environment, it gives an idea that one culture is not superior to another culture but may be different due to beliefs and values, knowledge, arts, law, manners and morals, habitat and skills. It is now easier to understand a culture of particular country society, and due to the globalisation of products and services and to provide the equal opportunities to the world population to get benefit from these globalised product or service it necessary to introduce the acceptable marketing and advertising strategies globally. Because one uniform marketing and advertisement strategy is not appropriate as whole, it is evident that marketing and advertisement strategy for West is never works in the Middle East due to their cultural restriction. According to De Mooji (1997) that products are globalised but people are not globalised, products are accepted in more than one culture due to different and appropriate advertising strategy. Language, concept, number, colour, space and humour are constant among cultures; they are not changeable among cultures. Communication: According to (Burce. C. D, et al, 2004) that communication plays a vital role in conveying the message among the global marketers, and consider as reflection of a culture. There is a difference between countries verbal communication due to the adapted culture and verbal communication is different from one culture to another, it is not different in term of language but also in term of variables like who, what, how, where, when, and why. Communication may be verbal or non verbal having same importance in conveying the message to the recipient in term when a marketer satisfy a consumer. According to (Burce. C. D, et al, 2004) that due to cultural differences people are more likely to communicate with each other without any problem and this fluency in the communication is due to hierarchy, status consciousness, behaviour and other factors which plays the role of gatekeepers. The different method of communication and its uses were brought under discussion, how the message is communicated, which channel is used for this communication e.g. spoken or written etc. and it depends on the availability of channels in the cultures and factors are speed, formality, legality and seniority. Another factor is whether message should be communicated, to know the right authority to which the message will be communicated, and also the time schedule for the communication and the meaning and purpose of communication. Body language has different meaning in different cultures, like feet gesture in west society is consider as attention but in Arabs it is an insult and facial gesture is mos t commonly noticed in the West culture as emotion, happiness and embarrassment but in Arabs culture it is consider as embarrassment and not used for the expression of desire. According to (Morris, 1997) that non verbal communication is not strange when dealing in different cultures, because this section deals with signals and from these received signals one will understand what the other person is conveying him and then to judge to understand the language of these signals and then make its own assumption to believe or trust on whom. Non verbal communication deals with body stress signals e.g. perspiration and licking of lips etc. and lower body signals like foot tapping, frequent crossing and uncrossing of knees etc. and body posture signals are used for boredom like body sagging and slumping, body gesture like movements of hands and facial expression are also used for non verbal communication. Mead (1993) stated that culture and religion is an essential part of lives of the people in every society, and it is compulsory for the health care provider to understand and know the culture and religion of the patient. According to Galanti (1991) that most cultures shares same beliefs, values and practices, it is necessary for health care provider to treat a patient as a family unit not as individual by creating psychological, spiritual and environment of physical needs. Sign and symbols: According to (Unsunier, 1993) that interpretation of symbols is strongly culture bound. The above statement of Unsunier Clearly describe that in every culture they use sign and symbols as a source of communication. This statement provides understanding about the cultural signs and symbols that every culture use very strongly sign and symbols as a source of communication. According to (Goffman, 1963) that headscarf is a symbol of normative cultural values and social relations of class and power that determine our perception. It communicates the individual and collective motivation of those who adopt it, as much as perception that rejects it. The symbol of headscarf makes sense as a language of relationship between those who asset their orientation towards values of Islam and those social classes that owe their status to normative values of modernity, such as equality and liberty. It further argues that stigma refers to individual sign; socially information and individual transmit about himself that disqualifies him and creates an obstacle to being fully accepted by society. In west colours are more used as sign and symbols like black colour is used for mourning while white colour is used in most of Muslim societies as religious and partially used as mourning colour. Red colour is used as symbol of tragedy and warning. In case of numbers 13 is symbol of bad luck in UK and this number is avoid in any department for numbering purpose e.g. no bed is marked in hospital with 13 etc. in Japan 4, Asia 555 and in china and some other countries 7 is consider bad luck numbers. In Pakistan crow and black dog is consider as symbol of bad luck, in India owl, UK black cat and in Japan fox is a symbol of bad luck. It is evident from the above discussion that sign and symbol is a strong source of communication, and always it is necessary for marketers to consider these sign and symbols which rejects by a culture in providing any product or service. Imagery: Images from very beginning plays a vital role in conveying the messages. In marketing pictures are used as strong source of communication and by this the marketers captured more market shares in the market for their own product. Marketers use pictures for the advertisement of a product or service, but it will be acceptable in one culture but may bring disaster in other society. Comparing West culture and Arab, in West culture the advertisement of bra by a naked woman is consider as a routine and essential for advertisement and attract more consumers to buy the product. But in Arabs it will be completely different, it is also true that Arab women are wearing bras but the advertisement strategy for Arabs will be completely different compared to West. It is necessary to have sufficient knowledge about the culture and religion of Arabs. According to (Keegan et al, 1989) that cultural value always plays a vital role on the consumer behaviour and having defined and always gained a considerable attention in marketing, and also its influences on marketing strategy are well presented. It is clear from the above theory that culture is always playing a role in influencing the consumer behaviour, because every society is composed on define culture and every culture has its own values, which may need to be considered during any decision making, needs proper attention during choosing any product/service. For marketers to advertise or promote and introduce a product or service in a specified market, they need to consider the cultural values of the country where they operate. According to (Usunier, 1993) that customer are different in each country, marketers must consider them, and by considering the values, attitudes and tastes between cultures may help in satisfaction of customer. The above theory states that to avoid the influences on consumer behaviour, it is very compulsory to consider the different customer satisfaction. It is also evident