Privacy and Internet Policy Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Privacy and Internet Policy - Research Paper Example Everybody person has the right to privacy of personal information which is private in nature. George Reynolds, in his book â€Å"Ethics in Information Technology,† argues that â€Å"Privacy is the right to be left alone – the most comprehensive of rights, and the right most valued by a free people† (Reynolds, 2010). People prefer to keep their private information secret because they do not want it to be misused by others. So they safeguard it with the help of laws as also with the help of software etc. The concept of consumer profiling is also relevant in this context. It deals with sketching of important psycho-graphical and demographical information concerning the user of a product. Such data consists of details like gender, age group, education, place of living, profession, income scale, marital status etc. Some companies explicitly gather personal information about the users of internet when they register at their websites by way of making them fill certain forms. The threat in this case is that personal data is collected and certain companies sell this information to other firms without the consent of consumers. Thus, the internet exposes individuals to the threat of leaking their private information. Therefore, protecting consumer data is a significant concern while using the internet for various purposes. Though all companies have a privacy statement, explicitly given on their websites, one cannot rule out the possibility that â€Å"existing privacy enhancing technologies fail in the event of a vendor operating against their stated privacy policy†. , leading to loss of customer privacy and security† (Pearce & Bertok, 1999, para. 1). Personal information transacted through online can be misused, which will lead to failure in safeguarding customer privacy. There are some laws to prevent the misuse of personal data, but these are not sufficient to fully safeguard privacy. Therefore, there is an urgent need to enhance or supplement the existing regulations to completely

In 2,500 words, discuss and analyse the key principles important for Essay

In 2,500 words, discuss and analyse the key principles important for developing speaking, listening, writing or reading skills ( - Essay Example A number of methods and techniques that demonstrate the implementation of these theoretical perspectives in the classroom are also articulated, including methods for specific class environments. Introduction Contemporary research into foreign language reading instruction notes that teaching models are greatly varied. Teaching models in first language reading have served foundationally as models in teaching second-language reading. Stahl and Hayes (1997) have discussed the ways that academic models influence and help shape approaches that teacher’s adopt in the classroom. The types of models also change with practitioners’ age and experience. A main concern is that the difference between first language reading teaching and second language reading teaching is that the students have already developed first language reading skills that are influencing the second-language reading process. The different orthographies of the first-language also affect second-language reading a bility and researchers argue that this must be taken into consideration when developing lesson plans. Second language reading theory dates back to the inception of psychology as a formal discipline with cognitive theorists such as William Wundt. This research focused mainly on investigating perceptual issues. Beginning in the 1880s researchers fore-grounded the foundations of what came to represent the predominant focus of studies for the next century. In 1908 Huey published Psychology and Pedagogy of Reading which shifted focus in a more behaviorist slant until the 1960s. With Syntactic Structures and further attacks on behaviorist processes, academic attention shifted back to perceptual issues, with researchers investigating reading speed and eye focus. Notably, it was around this time that reading comprehension became a major issue for teachers. Today there are a number of key principles that are crucial to teaching reading in the foreign language classroom. Still, it is necessar y for the teaching professional to balance these elements according to classroom circumstances and student needs. This essay discusses and analyses the key principles important for developing reading skills and ways these principles can be applied in the foreign language classroom. Communicative Competence Key Principles Research on communicative competence reading theory differs greatly in its exact definition, with each offering slight variations of perspective. In Fundamental Considerations of Language Testing, Bachman offers an extremely dichotomous definition of communicative competence. He begins by stating that effective communication begins with a Language Competence phase and then filters down to a Strategic, Psychophysiological, and ultimately contextual scenario. In large part, Bachman is making the case that separate components of language exist that can’t be measured in objective, starkly grammatical terms. That while Organizational Competence, or â€Å"those ab ilities involved in producing†¦grammatically correct sentences† is a major component of language, communicative competence functions to illuminate the necessity of teaching, â€Å"†¦language users and the context of communication† – that is, pragmatic concerns (Bachman 87). In Communicative Competence, an example of the written elements of language is examined through

Ethical Theories Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Ethical Theories - Essay Example This philosophy formed a basis for Liberalism and Libertarianism. The opponents say that it’s impossible to determine true parameters for measuring and comparing human happiness among people. While the pleasure of the sadist is viewed as having equal value to the pleasure of the altruist, the suffering of others would offset any derived pleasure for the sadist; it’s superficial, temporary. It takes awhile to evaluate the pros and cons of an action so that while we can’t know the total picture immediately, enough of the consequences of an action are usually known so as to avoid the most pain for most people. This approach only views the end results of actions as opposed to the original intentions. Kantianism was developed by Immanuel Kant in the 1700s. He is considered one of the forefathers of philosophy of the mind and epistemology. His predecessors, Gottfried Leibniz and Christian Wolf, along with Rene Descartes were attempting to find a rational way to approac h beliefs about God without all the emotionalism of religion. He asserts that people act on their beliefs which are deeply held underlying principles; human beings are basically rational and the world is full of uncontrollable events, therefore rationality is the ultimate good. Rational beliefs should be universalized. It is the original intention of an action that determines its value, as acts themselves should be performed for their inherent value, not for the consequences they produce. His work is divided into four categories: 1) pure theoretical reason, 2) practical reason and ethics, 3) aesthetics and teology, and 4) rational religion. The problem with Kantianism is that there is no single rule that is applicable in every situation to characterize an action; it doesn’t have a way to resolve conflicts between rules. There is no room for aberrancy with regards to moral laws. It didn’t take into consideration the feelings of the human, only the rational thought proce sses. Social Contract Theory has been around since Socrates, although Thomas Hobbs is considered the modern founder in the middle 1600s. His proponents, John Locke and Jean-Jacques Rousseau, later expounded on his theory to formulate much broader politically applicable social theories. In essence, it is the belief that individuals in their natural state come together to form a mutually consensual agreement where they agree to limit themselves and their behavior to that which is beneficial to the governance of all. We are self-interested beings, which in our natural state of being, are governed only by our own sense of personal power and conscience. It formed a theory of why we need government in order to remain civilized, the people give up some rights in order to benefit from a greater social order. Opponents assert that while it outlines our rights and obligations as people in the whole community of mankind, it doesn’t allow for explaining the full human experience in terms of psychology and motivation. It depends on the greater consensus of the group to determine how the whole group will be treated without respect for individuality or human considerations. If the majority of the group is consensual with a particular limit of some sort, then the whole society is bound by that same limit. It violates contractual theory in that contracts require all interested parties to agree to the contract, not just the majority. Divine Command Theory has been a

Analysis situation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Analysis situation - Essay Example Consumers of both these drugs express a somewhat mixed reaction towards the drugs as regards their outcome. However, researchers found it worth recording that, patients treated with lower dosage of new pradaxa are less likely to encounter a major bleeding problem as compared to rate of bleeding in patients treated with warfarin (34). As a result, consumers would prefer the new pradaxa since it is efficacy is higher. It is clear that patients cannot use warfarin if they are subjects of surgery since, if administered, it can lead to severe side effects like heavy bleeding that can cause death. Contrary, some countries approved the use of pradaxa in assisting to prevent blood clotting in patients gone through elective complete hip or knee replacement surgery. In conclusion, the need to provide an effective and suitable alternative to the common warfarin is acting as a market booster for pradaxa. With support and market approval, pradaxa will reap a huge market share due to uniqueness and effectiveness. Additionally, pradaxa consumers can swallow the pill and immediately turn off the heparin hence allowing fib patients room to go head home without an enoxaparin bridge (41). Pradaxa will capitalize and dominate the largest market share since it makes consumers feel less anxious about intracranial bleeding compared to Coumadin (warfarin). Another fact that will make pradaxa a total market effect is the fact that consumers do not need frequent blood test monitoring thus proving time and money

Can micro-finance schemes solve the problem of rural poverty OR Is Essay

Can micro-finance schemes solve the problem of rural poverty OR Is poverty a sufficient or necessary explanation for child labourArgue in line with reference to strategies totackle child labour - Essay Example In fact persistence poverty can even dampen the prospects of economic growth. The poor stand to benefit when investments are made to ensure better health and education leading to increased current consumption and higher future incomes. To eradicate poverty it is also essential to understand the causes of poverty. Political instability, ill-defined property rights, discrimination on the basis of race, gender and sex, rapidly growing families without sustainable income are some of the causes of rural poverty. Macroeconomic stability and public investment in the physical and social infrastructure are the basic requirements to reduce poverty. However, at the individual level, microfinance was considered by Muhammad Yunus as the way to help the poor start an income that could eventually bring them out of the state of poverty. Microfinance, according to the World Bank, is the ‘provision of financial services’ (including saving and credit) to ‘the poor’ (Irobi, 2008). The purpose of microfinance is to engage the people in economic activities, make them self-reliant, increase employment oppurtunities and enhance their household income and wealth (Emeni, 2008). The basic idea behind starting the microfinance loan scheme for the rural poor was to provide loans to them without collateral security. This was based on trust and selflessness. According to Yunus, people do not seek charity but an oppurtunity to grow and become economically independent. To this extent, the concept of microfinance had a noble purpose the economic growth of the people and thereby the nation. Neo-liberalism is also based on the premise that human welfare can be served best when the state withdrawn from the welfarist policies (Karim, 2009). Neo-liberalism, a social and moral philosophy, has also been described as a way of governance where governing relies on calculative choices and techniques. The subjects have to act in accordance of the

BUSINESS ASSIGNMENT Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

BUSINESS ASSIGNMENT - Essay Example The segmentation has been done by using demographics and behavioural strategies. The target market has been chosen after identifying the size and profitability of the segments. After developing the positioning strategy, the marketing mix has been created for the target market. Finally, an overview of the financial plan of Manga Cafe has been discussed. IDENTIFIED PROBLEM The business plan of launching Manga Cafe in London appears to be a unique idea as there is currently not such cafe in London however, because of the aggressive competition among the international brands in the UK Cafe industry; Manga Cafe needs a very well-organised and efficient marketing plan. INDUSTRY COMPETITION Various coffee brands are operating in London; however, the three largest market leaders include Starbucks, Costa Coffee and Nero. The following positioning map shows the positioning of major cafe providers in London based on their quality of services and prices. Starbucks being the market leader is offe ring average quality but at very high prices, therefore, shares of Starbucks are declining not only in UK but in most of its major markets (Bishopric, 2011). Costa is expanding throughout UK because of its reasonable prices and better quality and in 2010/2011, company aims to open 130 more outlets in the UK (Bakeryinfo, 2010). Nero is considered as a cheap brand which offers value through high quality products and services. Positioning Map THE PRODUCT/SERVICE DESCRIPTION Manga Cafes are very popular among the Japanese communities. The increasing number of Japanese residents in the UK builds a strong demand for Manga Cafes in the UK, European and foreign markets. Since there is no Manga Cafe in London yet, therefore, launch of Manga Cafe in London appears to be a feasible business option. This cafe will fulfil the increasing demand of Japanese comics in Europe. The cafe will offer a platform to the people where they can come and enjoy reading Japanese comics. Moreover, additional ser vices will also be offered to entertain the visitors such as Japanese food, internet facility, games and DVDs. The visitors will be charged based on their duration of stay in the cafe. MARKETING PLAN Market Segmentation To segment the market, demographics and behavioral segmentation strategies have been used. In demographics segmentation, the consumers have been segmented based on their age, profession and nationality. Age: The age group structure of London in 2001 is given below (Office for National Statistics, 2002). Age Structure of People in London Source: Office for National Statistics Profession: The second demographic variable is profession and in London people belonging to different professions such as education, workers, professionals, unemployed reside. Nationality: The third demographic variable is nationality and since Manga Cafe is a Japanese cafe therefore, only Japanese nationals will be directly targeted. However, the total population of London in 2009 was 7,686,000 and it includes around people with 34 different nationalities (London.gov.uk, 2010). Table: London Population by Nationality Source: London.gov.uk In behavioral segmentation, the consumers who will be having knowledge, interest and positive attitude towards Japanese culture will be

Various aspects of S&O management in the Atokowa Company Essay

Various aspects of S&O management in the Atokowa Company - Essay Example This research will begin with the statement that management of systems and operations can be viewed as the organisational in built building, designing, and structuring mechanism for effective daily operations of organisations. According to Chase et al, management of systems and operations is an essential process of converting a firm’s internal input (human resources, energy, or material) into output (goods and services). Actually, management of systems and operations entails the effective management of organisational resources, which gear towards production as well as distribution of goods and services of an organisation to its end customers. Operations and systems management could be summed up into management systems, which are proven frameworks for the management as well as continuous improvements of the policies, processes, as well as procedures of organisations. Individually, system management refers to an enterprise’s management of the systems of information manage ment. This entails gathering necessities, purchasing software and equipment, distribution of software and equipment to their places of use, their configuration, their maintenance through service updates and enhancement, setting up of processes of problem-handling, and determination of whether objectives and goals are being realised. Systems management is thus the enterprise-wide distributed systems’ administration including (and usually in practice) the computer systems. It is stoutly affected by telecommunications’ initiatives of network management. ... The purpose of this paper is to examine various aspects of S&O management in the Atokowa Company and give recommendations for improvement of the management operations in systems and operations segments. Background Information of Atokowa Advantage The Atokowa advantage Company is a key player in the industry of office supplies and stationery in Australia. The firm sells an array of office supplies and stationery to businesses, individuals, as well as other organisations. It owns several retail outlets, which deliver office supplies and stationery directly to the organisations as well as carry out customised printing for firms. Lachlan Atokowa founded Atokowa in 1964 in Sydney, Australia as a mere photocopying business in Atokowa’s garage after purchasing Xerox 914 machine. His business grew and in 1970, he purchased one retail outlet as well as expanded his business from just photocopying activities to business printing in addition to brochures, letterheads, flyers, compliment slips, business cards, fax headers, no carbon required (NCR) pads, and memo slips. These developed Atokowa’s status as a printing firm of high quality. Atokowa’s business continued growing and he developed his vision of becoming the one-stop office supplies and stationery shop. Lachlan expanded as well as purchased additional outlets in Perth and Melbourne areas, which were stocked quite adequately with an array of office supplies, paper, office furniture, besides the original business of printing. In 1980, Atokowa printing was renamed to Atokowa Office Supplies. Lachlan retired in 1983 and handed the business to Jonathan Atokowa, his eldest son who focused more on technology. In fact, Jonathan commenced sale of IBM PC 5100 and Commodore