Modernism in Literature free essay sample

The literary movement that spanned from the late 19th century until roughly 1965 is referred to as modernism. When talking about the movement there must be an understanding of the difference between modernism and the more common word â€Å"modern†. The word modern refers to what is new, recent, and updated. Although modernism does deal with the futuristic and the new, it also covers vastly more topics and themes. Modernism reaches into rebellion, struggle and harsh realities. From there it stretches into abstraction and a break from idealistic vision. Modernism is only modern in the sense that it comes from the desire of those involved to break away from the old, traditional ways of thinking and expression and to come into their current situations with a new view of reality and art. Modernism was spurred into being largely by a few events in history that shocked the masses and began to change peoples’ view of the world. Most notably, World War I caused a drastic change of mind to all involved. This historical event gave momentum to the modernist movement by putting realities in front of people that were vastly different from the serene and beautiful ideals described in romantic or Victorian literature. It was difficult to associate these works of art with the way the world had become; therefore, it was necessary to create a new way of expression. Modernist authors did not want to be confined by the traditional boundaries of literature, so they experimented in terms of style and content. The world changed and literature followed. There five major themes displayed in modernist literature. The first is a representation of inner reality. Modernist authors placed a greater emphasis on the psychological experience of the individual than on the outer realities. This caused much more focus to be placed on individual interpretation of circumstances and events. Modernist authors did not write clear-cut, chronological stories as their predecessors had. Instead, their work followed no set order or boundary, mimicking the rapidly changing thoughts we would see if we could look into the mind of another person. Modernists had the desire to express their own individual thoughts as well as to encourage others to think for themselves and define their own experiences. To this end, modernist literature is marked by a blurred distinction between the internal and the external. The second major theme in modernism is the rejection of norms. At the very core of modernism is the defiance of society’s established standards and traditions. This includes structures such as the family structure, government, religion, gender roles, socioeconomic hierarchies, and perception of different races. Modernist literature rejects the old in favor of the new, embracing a newfound freedom of thought and expression. This shows itself largely in the content of modernist literature, which is unlimited and unrestricted. Previously, literature was confined to topics of natural beauty and drama. Modernist literature spoke of every aspect of reality, putting the spotlight on the ordinary and simple rather than on the extraordinary. Coinciding closely with the second theme is the theme of the grotesque. To be grotesque means to be unpleasant or displeasing. In modernist literature, authors would take something familiar or traditional and warp it into something disturbing. By manipulating that thing, they were in a sense showing another side to a familiar story. This falls neatly in line with rejecting of the norms, as many modernist authors would use subject matter and content that had been spoken of in classical literature and turn it into something very different and unnatural. The idea was to make the reader uncomfortable with what is commonplace and to question the true goodness of what was considered ultimately good. The fourth theme is that of technology. In an effort to leap away from the past and into the future, many modernist authors were fond of writing about technology. Technology represents a new way of doing things in education, transportation, communication, commerce, and the daily activities of life. Much of the subject matter of modernist literature includes technology either as a main element of the story or as a background observation. It is sometimes used to show improvement, but more often used to represent the increasing isolation of society and the cold, mechanical nature of the world. The last theme is the theme of structure and geometry. It is partially related to technology, in that it emphasizes functionality over decoration. This theme is displayed in the authors streamlining of description and embellishment, favoring instead shortened, functional definitions. This creates a sort of unity and flow by linking events, characters, and situations in the author’s story. Along the same line with the themes of modernism are the styles used in modernist literature. Although there are many styles used in modernist literature, there are four many styles of writing that we will discuss. Firstly, the style of imagism was highly present. Imagism involves using precise, clear, and sharp language in writing, rather than over-embellishment and exaggeration. Imagism called for a return to the directness of presentation and economy of language, as well as a willingness to experiment with non-traditional views. A distinct feature of imagism is its attempt to isolate a single image and reveal its essence. This focus on concisely describing a singularity, rather than a vast topic, is a definite stylistic change from the previous romantic and Victorian literary works. Secondly, modernist literature uses very symbolic language and content. This is noticeable in the amount of metaphors used by modernist writers. In general, nothing is skin-deep in modernist writing. There is a deeper, symbolic meaning behind most characters, places, names, and other elements of the story. This was a very anti-idealist style of writing as it attempted to show life in its gritty particulars and humble realities. Symbolism takes the literature away from realism, abstracting the ugly truth from any and all situations. Those who wrote with this style believed that there were some absolute truths that could not be written about directly, choosing instead to represent these things through metaphorical and suggestive writing. They endowed images and objects with symbolic meaning in order to point the reader in the direction of the truth without saying it straight-out. It was the modernist writers’ desire to evoke a reaction or feeling from the reader, rather than merely informing them. Symbolism brought with it a freer flow in the writing of poetry. Modernist authors did not want to hinder themselves or their message by being confined to consistency of stanzas, rhyming, or any other traditionally accepted norms in poetry. They chose instead to follow whatever form and flow that would best suit their particular pieces of literature, without paying any attention to specific rules or consistency. Third on the list of styles used is vorticism. This was a style of writing that attempted to relate art to industrialization and machinery. It opposes sentimentality and promotes the mechanical and futuristic. Lastly, there is the style of expressionism. Expressionism was the tendency of modernist authors to present the world from a subjective perspective, distorting the view in order to evoke an emotional response. Although similar to symbolism, expressionism is different in that the author wished more to lead the reader to the specific personal emotions, moods, and ideas of the author instead of general feeling and emotion. This style was brought about largely by the perceived dehumanization effect of industrialization and the growth of cities. These are the styles and themes of modernism used by those who are considered the major writers of the modernist movement. This literary movement was mostly displayed in British literature. The most notable authors who wrote in the UK are T. S. Eliot, James Joyce, Virginia Woolf, Ezra Pound, and Gertrude Stein. T. S. Eliot was a poet who lived from 1888-1965. He was born in St. Louis, Missouri, USA, but moved to England in 1914. He is one of the major writers considered in the modernist movement, with his famous works including â€Å"The Waste Land†, â€Å"The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock†, and â€Å"The Hollow Men†. Eliot had a distinguished career in literature, and even received the Nobel Prize in literature in 1948. James Joyce was born in 1882 and died in 1941. Born in Ireland, Joyce moved to continental Europe after university and stayed abroad for most of his life. His most notable work was a book titled â€Å"Ulysses†, which is a great representation of modernism because of its stream of consciousness style of writing that reflects the individualism and rejection of norms which modernist writers are known for. Besides this novel, he is known to have written a collection of short stories titled â€Å"Dubliners† as well as another novel titled â€Å"A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man†. The last major author of the modernist movement was Virginia Woolf, who lived from 1882-1941. She was born in London, and lived in England her whole life. Woolf is considered one of the major writers of the modernist movement because of the content and style of her work. She wrote many essays and stories with feminist undertones, and had strong opinions on the liberation and education of women. She was a member of the Bloomsbury Group, an intellectual society of writers in England. Some of her notable works are â€Å"To the Lighthouse†, â€Å"Mrs. Dalloway†, and â€Å"Orlando†. Among the lesser known modernist writers is Ezra Pound, who lived from 1885-1972. He was born in the US, but spent most of his life living abroad in different parts of Europe. He was a friend to T. S. Eliot, and even helped him to translate and publish some works in England. His most notable works are â€Å"Ripostes†, â€Å"Hugh Selwyn Mauberley†, and his unfinished epic â€Å"The Cantos†. Another lesser known writer is the author Gertrude Stein. Born in Pennsylvania, USA, in 1874, Stein was raised in the US. She moved to Paris in the early 1900s, where she stayed until her death in 1946. She was primarily a novelist and a poet. Some of her famous works are â€Å"Three Lives†, â€Å"Q. E. D. †, and â€Å"Tender Buttons†. MODERNIST WORKS: â€Å"THE WASTE LAND† AND â€Å"ANIMAL FARM† THE WASTE LAND T. S. Eliot’s famous poem â€Å"The Waste Land† is written in a free-form, often fragmented style. It is divided into 5 titled sections which all share a link to the common themes of death, disillusionment, barrenness, and rebirth displayed throughout the poem. Eliot portrays a vivid picture of a very hopeless post-war life, with the evidence of death and desperation everywhere. He describes the horrible circumstances that man finds himself in, and is unable to escape from. From the very beginning of the poem where Eliot describes the month of April, traditionally thought of as the best month because of the rain and new growth, as â€Å"the cruelest of months†, we can see the false hope which the poem is emphasizing. This all comes from the post World War I mentality and shock that existed in the time the poem was written. Many people in that time believed that the world would become better after the war, whereas Eliot’s Waste Land contradicts this common viewpoint by presenting this to be a false and shallow hope. The mood of the poem is very gloomy, shown by the various gloomy scenes depicted as well as the constant search for answers by the persona. As well, the persona speaks with a very resigned tone, as if surrendering to the realities and problems of the world. Although the poem has consistent themes, it is set in many different places of which there is no connection or consistency throughout the different sections. The settings vary from a fancy room, to a bridge in London, to the banks of the Thames River, even to an unnamed desert place. Each setting serves the purpose of the section in which it is written, and paints a very good picture for the reader of the circumstances Eliot is writing about. The first section, Burial of the Dead, talks of high hopes of the rebirth of the world after the war, but overshadows this with the futility of the new life and the hopelessness of the efforts. This is shown in Eliot’s emphasis on the death which a false hope of life must grow out of, shown specifically in lines 1, 2, and 7. The second section, A Game of Chess, speaks about the perversion of humanity and the degrading social and moral values of society. It starts out by describing a beautiful scene, but as soon as the characters are introduced we encounter sadness of all types. The first character spoken of is Philomel, a woman who is a victim of rape. This illustrates the crisis of perversion of human sexuality. The second is Lil, a married woman who chooses to abort her sixth child. This is demonstrating to the reader how societal values are changing for the worse. In the third section, The Fire Sermon, we are first given a description of a natural scene and environment. Contrary to romantic literature, which viewed nature as spiritual and beautiful, this description that Eliot writes gives us the impression that there is nothing pleasing or significant about this nature. It depicts the barrenness of the post-war world, where there was a break from old ways of thinking. The fourth section, Death by Water, shows death as an unavoidable end for all. This observation shows a large amount of hopelessness and gives the idea that death will reach all, as well as the impression that after death people will not remember the dead for long. The fifth and final section, What the Thunder Said, gives the reader a description of the expectations of humanity after the war, without giving a negative or positive opinion of them. This poem can be shown to have stylistic elements such as the use of metaphors, descriptive language, Biblical allusions, satire, and symbolism. The language used to write The Waste Land is very dense, and full of metaphorical reference, although sometimes very vague references. For example the third stanza in the first section speaks entirely about the clairvoyant, known as Madame Sosostris, and her deck of Tarot cards. And again, the fourth section refers back to this same reference, using the Phoenician Sailor character once more as a metaphor. Eliot uses very descriptive language to give the reader a vivid mental picture of the barrenness of this world he is describing. In the first section the poem’s persona talks of the â€Å"dull roots† (line 4), the â€Å"red rock† (line 25), and â€Å"where the sun beats† (line 22), to show how the scorching sun has made the land dry and difficult. All of this is used to illustrate the effect that the harsh conditions have caused to the human race. There are frequent Biblical allusions in The Waste Land, such as in line 20 where the persona is speaking to the Son of Man and in the last stanza of the third section where the language used speaks to the Lord in terms that sound like a Psalm from the Bible. Satire is shown throughout the poem as well, but is particularly evident in lines 70-77, where the persona mocks the body of a buried corpse, speaking about it as if it were a seed that would sprout up in the springtime. He then refers to Webster’s White Devil in lines 74-75 when he cautions the characters to â€Å"keep the Dog far hence, that’s friend to men, or with his nails he’ll dig it [the corpse] up again. † Lastly, Eliot uses highly symbolic language, even in the title The Waste Land which can be said to reflect the pessimistic, desperate state of the world at that time. Another example is the description of the city of London in line 62 as the â€Å"unreal city†, and later in line 65 it is said that â€Å"I had not thought death had undone so many. † This is symbolic of the state of mind post-war. ANIMAL FARM Eric Blair, whose pen name was George Orwell, was born in India in 1903 and died in 1950. His family moved to England while he was still at a young age, and he stayed there afterwards, with some short stints abroad for various jobs. He is most noted as a novelist, with his most famous novel being Animal Farm. The story in Animal Farm is largely played out by personified animal characters. Set on a farm in England, Orwell describes a cruel master, Mr. Jones, the human owner of the farm. The animals, inspired by a speech from the wise pig Old Major, incite a rebellion and manage to overthrow the Jones family. Two pigs take over leadership of the farm, Snowball and Napoleon. In the beginning there is harmony and all are working towards the greater good of the farm. The animals destroy all objects like whips and harnesses that represent the tyranny of human rule, better rations are given to all, and the farm is more productive than ever before. The pigs, being the most intelligent animals, take on leadership and supervisory roles over the rest of the animals. They create the seven laws of animalism to unite the farm. The harmony does not last for long, as the leaders begin to disagree on the best way to run the farm. Napoleon, who has secretly trained attack dogs, drives Snowball out of the farm and assumes an ultimate leadership position. Under his leadership, the slow evolution from equality to inequality begins. It starts with extra rations and easier work being given to the pigs, and ends with the pigs living exactly as the Jones family used to. By this time, the farm and all the animals on it are worse off than they were before the rebellion, but it is hard for them to see it because there is a lingering sense of commitment to the farm that they all own. The book Animal Farm was written to parallel the Soviet Union. It is written as satire, and bases its characters off of real historical figures from Soviet Russia. It is considered a modernist work mainly because of its individualism and experimentation. Orwell experimented in the sense that this work was not only written as a fairy tale, an unpopular style of writing at the time, but was also based on personified animal characters, which was almost unheard of. This novel focuses on the individual reader developing his own opinion, his own truth, about the issues displayed. While Orwell certainly does not paint a pleasant picture in the story, he never refers to anything as inherently good or bad, and therefore allows the reader to decide for themselves whether it is so. This goes along with the grotesque theme of modernism. Some of the major themes displayed in the novel are those of utopia, propaganda, and the eventual corruption of power. Utopia is alluded to throughout the novel, as all the animals are made to believe their work is towards a greater good for all. In the beginning this utopia is shown in the light of hopefulness, but by the end of the book it is seen as a vague promise that the characters have very little reason to trust in. The theme of propaganda is shown largely by the pig character named Squealer. He has a unique talent for twisting words and arguments so as to convince the animals that if they disagree with him they disagree with the ideals of animalism and the greater good. He is said to be able â€Å"to turn black into white† (page 36). Finally, the corruption of power is shown by the subtle things which the pigs do to further their own agendas rather than contributing to the good of all. The pigs use their place of authority as a reason for their needs to be considered more highly. They start out by requiring extra rations, which leads to them requiring their own space to work and rest in the farmer’s house, and eventually leads to them enjoying alcohol and clothing to the point that they are indistinguishable from the cruel human masters. From the beginning of Napoleon’s rule, he tricks the other animals by making small changes to the rules and creating stories that will cause greater loyalty to him. He shows himself as the great leader who makes immense sacrifices to bear the burden of leadership, when in reality he is a dictator who is enjoying the benefits of the animals’ labor without contributing to their efforts. He makes the others work for his good and the good of the other pigs while disguising it with clever excuses and false intentions. By the end of the book Napoleon is crueler than Mr. Jones ever was, but has fooled the animals into believing they are working for their own good.

Impact of Financial Crisis and Recession †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Impact of Financial Crisis and Recession. Answer: Introduction Most of the developed and developing countries in the Asian Pacific regions have, in the recent past became major contributors to the global economy due to the increase of multinational companies from these countries. They usually engage in Foreign Direct Investments, and within their home countries, retains a measurable amount of management and overall control of their businesses. The Asian countries with major multinational companies include Japan, Taiwan, Korea, China and India. These multinational companies produce varied range of products which include electronics, medical equipment, and automobiles, among others. Most of the multinational organizations or business firm in the Asian Pacific region has achieved their success mostly due to the availability of cheap labor from the local population, making production process cheap as well as their subsequent end products (Dunning and Lundan, 2008). They also, possess a rich macroeconomic management coupled with conducive policies th at favors export of their manufactured products. The multinational companies in Asian regions have, by far overtaken their western rivals who majorly concentrate on the products that targets the high class and middle class customers only. The largest percentage of the Asian population are on average lifestyle and others live below the poverty line. Companies who produce products and services that are pocket friendly to this kind of population will likely succeed in terms of high revenues. Airtel for example, which is a leading mobile phone service provider in the Indian market offers services that are friendly to those individuals living below the poverty line. This company has markets in various parts of the world including Africa. The western rivals produce classy products, for example Apple Inc., their products are expensive such that, most of their consumers are only the high class population which are few in number. On the other hand, western multinationals produced products that are technologically competitive, and pocket friendly at the same time. Aims of the Japanese multinationals in regards to global strategies Japanese economy has been rapidly growing, especially after World War II. Currently, the Japanese economy is ranked third globally in 2017 (Oecd.org, 2017). This economy is being driven by multinational companies that deals with automobiles and electronics such as the Toyota, who deals with worlds largest selling brands of cars and Sony Corporation that deals with electronics among others. The aim of the Japanese multinational companies (MNCs) is to produce world class products that are directed to the middle and low class population at local and international markets. Toyota, which is the leading Japanese MNC has been the leadxporter of cars to Middle East, America and Asian countries since 1950s after the World War II. Their cars were in high demand due to the efficiency and economy in terms of fuel consumption (Rugman and Li, 2007, p.335). For many years, Toyota, as company has been strategizing on increasing their productions which will be subsequently sold in various markets both, locally and intentionally. Sony, on the other hand, is one of the largest competitor in the electronics market globally. It was started in 1946 by Akio Morita and Masaru Ibuka, whereby their major focus is to produce electronic gadgets such as TVs, mobile phones, gaming consoles, etc. The products that is being produced by the company since its initial times up to date has been of the best quality, and has attracted a lot of consumers, from within Japan and globally (Sauvant, Maschek and McAllister, 2010, p.22). Aims of Korean and Chinese multinationals and international business strategies The multinational corporations has a direct relationship (and impacts to) with the Foreign Direct Investment. These Asian multinationals have long be known in their brands such as Samsung and Sony electronics, which are situated in Korea, Hyundai and Honda among others. These multinational companies from Japan and Korea have deeply get their roots into the global markets for over four decades (from 1980s). Their products have been in the fore front in terms of technology, and has greatly boosted innovations across the world (Black and Morrison, 2010). Most of the Asian Pacific countries are still developing, or are not developed at all, but this does not limit the multinational companies from emerging from these nations. The Asian Pacific region was recorded to be the most growing region in terms of economy which contributed to more than 30% of the global GDP in 2013. According to the research that was conducted in 2014 that was analyzing the top 500 Fortune companies globally, 192 of the companies came from this region (Guillen and Garcia-Canal, 2009, p.27). The Korean and Japanese companies targets global markets with their cheap and high end products that targets all groups of people, either rich or poor. This is the basis of their success. Differences between industries and types of businesses The car manufactures in the APAC regions are leading their competitors from other regions of the world. Shanghai Automotive Industry Corporation, for example, has been growing in terms of production and sales of their FAW trucks and other cars in the recent years. Also, Indian Mahindra and TATA, Bajaj and Maruti have been experiencing one of the largest growth in the automotive industry (Cuervo?Cazurra, 2012, p.155). Japanese companies although, has been recording a consistent drop in their range of products in terms of production, stock and sales from 2014 when compared to the previous years. The reason for this drop is due to the entrance of new players in the market that produces alternative products at more competitive prices. There are also several challenges that the Japanese companies have been facing including the direct negative impact of the natural calamities such earthquakes (Hood and Birkinshaw, 2016). Generally, there exists a stiff competition between the APAC multinat ionals due to the entrance of new players with more innovations. China, as seen in 2010, had produced more cars when compared to United States. They had a growth of more than 20% in 2010. China increased the production of all types of vehicles such as trucks, passenger cars and personal vehicles. The government intervention has been behind this enormous increase production. The Chinese government introduced tax breaks and subsidies. The extent of global versus the local control Currently, Japan is third in terms of the global economy. It is among the best countries that producing the most innovative products. The Japanese companies have closer ties, whereby they take shares of their own companies. This provides a stronger basis for developing industries as they get a major boost in terms of capital and other financial assistance. The local companies provides a dependable market search for their growing members. Apart from local markets that they target, the successful multinational companies offers other companies an assistance in performing production process and conducting foreign sales. After the attack of Japan in World War II, the country was negatively affected, and the same was reflected in the multinational companies. Nevertheless, the country took immediate recovery measures to restore their economy to the initial state that they were before the attack. From 1980 to millennium period, Japan retain the second position the world in terms of economy. For the case of Korea, in 1945, there were several crises that emerge and let to the split of the Korean region into North and South. The South Korea became one of the most industrializing nations in the world due to the existence of several multinational companies that provided a great boost to the economy. After the 1990, peace and stability pave way for a conducive environment for industrialization, and a subsequent progress of the multinational companies in the country. Competitive advantage of Asian pacific multinationals compared to those of their competitors The APAC multinationals have always had a greater or good competitive advantage over the western multinationals due to various reasons such as market and competitive pricing of products. In terms of electronics for example, Apple Inc. which is from the western region has less competitive advantage compared to their rivals such as the Samsung Corporation (Sauvant, 2010, p.377). Samsung produces a varied range of products that are technologically competitive and pocket friendly for low income earners. Apple on the other hand, produces products which are quality but expensive (Jaussaud and Schaaper, 2007, p.237). The target market will be the high income earners which are few, hence making Apple to record a lower turnover compared to the Samsung and other electronics from the Asian Pacific region. Also, there is availability of cheap labor in the APAC region which makes the production process economical, and can be translated into cheaper end products. In western countries, labor is expensive making the production process high, and subsequently expensive end products. In terms of automobile industries, using the case example of Toyota from Japan, and General Motors from the western region, both companies are giants in terms of car production. According to Jackson and Deeg, (2008, p.552) in 2008, USA was hit by a great depression which directly affected the production of general motors. The products fell, giving Toyota a competitive advantage in terms of productions. Toyota took the advantage to deeply settle into the global markets, where most of their cars were preferred due to their cheap prizes and high quality (Li and Shooshtari, 2007). Availability of good policies in the APAC regions favors their multinationals and gives them a competitive advantage over their rivals from the western countries. The government offers incentives alongside the innovation differentiation which most of the companies have adopted. Organization and operation in home and host nations The multinational companies in the APAC regions are well established in that they have a strong management as well as the organization. Their operations such as production process have been made efficient through adoption of specialized or hybrid production process. These companies also, have systems that complies with the lows, policies and requirements of the host nations in which they are operating. In this manner, they are able to gain access to wider market for their products. The APAC multinationals have richer history in producing quality products. For example, Toyota brands, Sony products, Samsung electrons and Honda among others. These products are of high quality and have gain trust in most of the countries such as Europe and United States. Their products are cheap and quality since they take the advantage of the available cheap labor at their disposal (McAllister and Sauvant, 2013, p.30). These cheap products makes them compete in the global market with other similar products. The consumers will have to choose between cheap and quality products, and Classy by of equivalent quality. In most cases, the Asian products finds a flowing market, outdoing their rivals. Most of the APAC multinationals have been in the world market for a close to century. This experience have enabled them to adapt to new changes of the local as well as the host country demands. They also utilize the current technology making them to retain the loyal customers (Witt, and Redding, 2013, p.280). Their customers are ever satisfied due to the quality services and products that they provide. They offer products warranty, or repair in the event that their products gets defective. Relevance of the European Union The European Union has been the key player in influencing the global trade. It has a direct influence to the business operations of the multinationals, and specifically those companies from the APAC regions. In most cases, the Asian multinationals does not cooperate with the policies provided by the EU. These companies are rigid due to absence of complex policies in their native nations. The Asian countries are govern by cultures, and are rigid to certain policies due to their nature of colonial states. The Asian policies are not strong enough, and hence when the EU offers guidelines on their operations, they tend to modify to suit their situation (Tan and Mahoney, 2007, p.260). Strong bureaucracies in some countries such as Taiwan and Japan has led to high levels of industrialization. Japan, has in their course incorporated polices laid down by the European Union to their advantage, and this has enabled them to amass their growth in terms of economy. Conclusion The ever growing number and expansion of multinational companies in the APAC regions has played a crucial part in the global market. The existing companies, as well as the new entrants into the market have set a strong organizational base in terms of management and running of the business operations. The market is highly competitive that it requires utilization of high technology and use of available opportunities to reach into new markets. The success of the prominent multinational companies such as the Toyota Corporation is due to the adoption of modern systems of product such as Toyota production which makes the production process efficient and cost effective. Most of the companies in the APAC regions produce products that meets the technological requirements of the individuals, and at the same time, the products are less expensive. The makes their turnover to increase since most of the consumers are the middle and low income earners. Application of new technologies is the source of success of most of these companies as it provides efficiency in production process. Also, in these regions, the cost of labor is extremely cheap which is crucial in the production process. Cheap labor translates into low production costs, which will be equivalently translated into the cost of final products. Cheap, and high quality products attracts a larger market. References Black, J. and Morrison, A., 2010. Sunset in the land of the rising sun: why Japanese multinational corporations will struggle in the global future. Springer. Cuervo?Cazurra, A., 2012. Extending theory by analyzing developing country multinational companies: Solving the Goldilocks debate. Global Strategy Journal, 2(3), pp.153-167. Dunning, J.H. and Lundan, S.M., 2008. Multinational enterprises and the global economy. Edward Elgar Publishing. Guillen, M.F. and Garcia-Canal, E., 2009. The American model of the multinational firm and the new multinationals from emerging economies. The Academy of Management Perspectives, 23(2), pp.23-35. Hood, N. and Birkinshaw, J. eds., 2016. Multinational corporate evolution and subsidiary development. Springer. Jackson, G. and Deeg, R., 2008. Comparing capitalisms: Understanding institutional diversity and its implications for international business. Journal of International Business Studies, 39(4), pp.540-561. Jaussaud, J. and Schaaper, J., 2007. European and Japanese multinational companies in China: organization and control of subsidiaries. Asian Business Management, 6(3), pp.223-245. Li, F. and Shooshtari, N.H., 2007. Multinational Corporations' Controversial Ad Campaigns in China--Lessons from Nike and Toyota. Advertising Society Review, 8(1). McAllister, G. and Sauvant, K.P., 2013. Foreign direct investment by emerging economy multinationals: coping with the global crisis. In Emerging Economies and Firms in the Global Crisis (pp. 14-46). Palgrave Macmillan UK. Oecd.org. (2017). Japan - Economic forecast summary (June 2017) - OECD. [online] Available at: https://www.oecd.org/eco/outlook/japan-economic-forecast-summary.htm. Rugman, A.M. and Li, J., 2007. Will Chinas multinationals succeed globally or regionally?. European management journal, 25(5), pp.333-343. Sauvant, K.P., 2010. Is the United States ready for foreign direct investment from emerging markets? The case of China. In Foreign direct investments from emerging markets (pp. 359-380). Palgrave Macmillan US. Sauvant, K.P., Maschek, W.A. and McAllister, G., 2010. Foreign direct investment by emerging market multinational enterprises, the impact of the financial crisis and recession, and challenges ahead. In Foreign direct investments from emerging markets (pp. 3-29). Palgrave Macmillan US. Tan, D. and Mahoney, J.T., 2007. The dynamics of Japanese firm growth in US industries: The Penrose effect. Management International Review, 47(2), pp.259-279. Witt, M.A. and Redding, G., 2013. Asian business systems: institutional comparison, clusters and implications for varieties of capitalism and business systems theory. Socio-Economic Review, 11(2), pp.265-300.

Amadeus European Enlightenment free essay sample

Amadeus the film focuses on Mozart life while representing the 18th century European Enlightenment through social class, politics and social history. Firstly, through the life of Mozart, we saw how difficult it was to survive In society. There was a complex hierarchical structure, which did not allow Individuals to upgrade their social class. Therefore, even though Mozart was a brilliant and well- known artist, he lived a mediocre life and his life ended with a below average funeral. Secondly, throughout the movie, we saw how not only the Emperor Joseph II wasInfluenced by Mozart music and his new cultural Ideas but he also played a big role In the entertainment business. Joseph II, himself, played music and had Intellect In different aspects, which can be explained by the cultural movement In Europe, Enlightenment. Mozart to compose an opera to portray the banned Marriage of Figaro play, the Emperor changed his mind about this forbidden play and allowed It in his national theater, in Vienna, because he simply wanted to depict his political empire as a culturally rich environment. We will write a custom essay sample on Amadeus: European Enlightenment or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Lastly, Amadeus was an excellent portrayal of the 1 8th century in Europe.It showed us visual aspects such as the clothing of members of different social classes or how people lived and interacted with each other. For example, Constants was well aware of Mozart financial situation, which as a new ideology that women were implicated in economic matters. Also, the way Mozart acted around the King was very different from the way he was around his friends due to the fact that his musical intellect was greater then the King but out of respect he humbled himself. To conclude, Amadeus was a great depiction of the 1 8th century European Enlightenment in relation to cultural, political and social history.

Sample Data Analyst Essay

Sample Data Analyst EssayA sample data analyst essay can be a powerful tool in your arsenal to improve your career. It can help you jumpstart a good personal or professional career by explaining why you believe that you are the right person for the job.As any data analyst will tell you, having a strong argument is important. There are hundreds of different fields of study and careers within each field. It is impossible to list them all and explain how you would fit into them all. You must be able to put together a clear and compelling essay that is compelling enough to convince your employer to give you the interview.It is important that you create a compelling argument for yourself, an argument that is as impressive as you are, not something you have heard others say. These days most people have access to the internet, which can give them access to many different sources of information. You can take advantage of this and use the internet to find out about the field of study that you may be interested in.If you are looking for more information than you currently have, take the time to check out different employment opportunities and pick one that fits your skill set and interests. Most likely, the company has some sort of website that will provide you with the job description, salary and benefits, among other things. The better you understand the job, the more confident you will be in your ability to execute it. Most importantly, you should know what skills you will need to make a great hire.Having a sample data analyst essay is a good way to provide yourself with all the tools that you will need to write a convincing essay. The very first thing you should do is go online and find out everything you can about the field of study that you are interested in. Also, check out the available jobs in the area you are interested in. Make sure that you know what type of qualifications are needed, so that you know what you should include in your essay.It is also important that you understand what it takes to be a data analyst. This is because the last thing you want to do is sound stupid in front of your potential employer. In your opinion, what's the worst that could happen?There are many different places to find samples of sample data analyst essays. If you have a question, you can always ask the owner of the site or try your own luck.

Command and control style of management

Command and control style of management Introduction The Command and control management method usually takes the form of a military management style. A manager- employee relationship is a mutual agreement whereby it should always be a â€Å"win- win† situation between the two parties (Linstead, Lilley, Fulop, 2009, p21).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Command and control style of management specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More When a manager assumes an unwarranted- commanding or authoritative stance with a junior employee, the subordinate staffs feels less respected and appreciated, and will acquire a reduced desire and self- confidence to contribute. Consequently, bottom- top communication will be reduced. This consequently reduces the manager’s capacity of making sound decisions, judgments and policies to the level of demeaning their perceptiveness to competency. Human beings work harder when they possess intrinsic motivation. This means that motivation comes when employees feel they are influencing organizational performance and decisions positively (Northouse, 2007, p12). The command and control style of management operates using intrinsic motivators that lean towards authority, threats, and monetary incentives. These motivations modes substitute employees intrinsic and natural motivation. A style of management that endows employees with a sense of ownership of their tools, methods, and results, as well as a good feeling of collaborating with and assisting fellow stakeholder (customers, co-workers, and suppliers) is a source of intrinsic motivation (Northouse, 2007, p13). Employees perform better because they enjoy how collaborative achievement makes them feel, as well as feeling appreciated and valuable. This line of thought is known as the â€Å"psychological pay† principle. Command and control or top- down management style takes the appreciative feeling from them.Advertising Looking for essay on busi ness economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Research has reflected that individuals put more effort in undertaking tasks for people they respect, and possibly like. A manager ought to understand that the employees in the lower levels, who carry out all the manual labor, normally have a clearer perspective of the organization’s problems and challenges better than they can (Graetz, 2006, p26). A manager who has this fact in mind can obtain the employees’ efforts and support more effectively and easily in comparison to a â€Å"commander† with a mindset that he or she knows better than their junior employees can. This attitude and belief distances subordinates and mislays their respect, loyalty, and input. Worse enough, it may push them to undercut and sabotage the organization’s performance in mild ad mysterious ways, though unacceptable, just in their urge to revenge. Employees work in a dedica ted manner when they are not working under any threat. Some â€Å"commander† managers use mild threats to accomplish tasks (Northouse, 2007, p36). This may place employees in a condition where they do not foresee success. This can significantly kill an employee’s morale and work output. In addition, it does not only demotivate the employee affected, but also, for Co-workers who view the happenings, as they will dread facing the same predicament themselves. Employees actively and indirectly look down at a manger that they suspect or observe that he disrespects them and abusive (Graetz, 2006, p29). This will drastically reduce their work output, as they would be demotivated to work with the manager. Furthermore, it also results to employee turnover especially of the productive and experienced to other organizations within the industry, causing more damage to the organization. Unavoidably, once a manager acquires a negative image, it may consume much time and effort to re verse the perspective and employee attitudes towards the manager.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Command and control style of management specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Therefore, a manager should put in mind that it could take a minute to damage self-image, and take years to mend the damaged image. Thus, disrespect subjected to a subordinate employee, even in private, poses an immense threat to a manger’s career. The risk of achieving a negative image is augmented for managers since; their subordinates look up to them for guidance, and they require them to be well positioned to accomplish tasks effectively and efficiently (Linstead, Lilley, Fulop, 2009, p42). In order to be successful in their roles and duties, managers are supposed to maintain a reciprocally affirmative and positive association with their employees. Command and Control Style of Leadership Assumptions First, there is the â€Å"divide and rule† concept, which focuses on dividing the organizational staff into two clusters: those giving direction and those following the direction (Northouse, 2007, p58). Secondly, another assumption is that the role of managers is to give employees instructions on how to undertake tasks, and the role of employees is to undertake the tasks directed to them. The third assumption is that the style values obedience and loyalty. The other assumption is that the style has the right to take an arbitrator role. The fifth assumption is that it gives significance to titles, assuming that with title brings about rank and privilege. Lastly, it assumes that titles bring about deference; this is belief that employee with minor titles will contradict those with major titles, and title alone is adequate to warrant the deference.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Characteristics Shared by Managers Whose Mannerisms Match the Command and Control Assumptions They make vital decisions individually within the department; thus, managers should be obeyed, as they reveal a representation of infallibility (Linstead, Lilley, Fulop, 2009, p61). In addition, the managers play favorites, and are the only distributors of sanctions and rewards, which are dispensed according to the manager’s pleasure or displeasure. Main Problems of Command and Control The command and control style aims at acquiring information to feed into the process of decision- making, though the employees in the lower level of the organizational hierarchy are only asked to supply raw data, and not required to suggest a course of action, since that role is left for command (Northouse, 2007, p64). The employees in the lower hierarchy level are thus informed on the local situation, and not about the wider picture, from which they are barred. The managers fear that if the minor emp loyees were aware of the wider perspective, this might alter their analysis of their direct environment. Secondly, the decisions of the commander depend on the second- hand or third- hand information. In spite of the fact that the leader or manager has his eyes on the wide picture, there are high chances that the commander may be misinformed on the vital facts on the ground (Northouse, 2007, p58). Another problem is that, it takes long before information made at the top management level is transmitted down the chain of command. The last serious problem is that command and control depends on a single individual’s judgment, that is, the commander. Thus, the possibility of success and failure depends on a single individual’s decision- making expertise and skills. There is a modern model of leadership style that has emerged. According to this mode, the management and control of modern organizations requires a higher level of consultation, collaboration, and employee empowe rment (Linstead, Lilley, Fulop, 2009, p66). The decision- making process ought to be brought nearer to the consumer and leaders have to support input and innovative ideas from the entire organization. The new model supports consultation such that contemporary managers and leaders are required to undertake continuous consultations with the entire organization (Graetz, 2006, p38). The consultations must result to a consensus prior to implementation of key policies. An organization that constantly seizes the opportunity to combat probable issues and challenges, which ensue from a new plan, has a higher chance of successfully implementing its plan. The success arises from the fact that the plan is not imposed on the employees, but rather they have imposed. A further pillar of the model is empowerment. Organizational managers and team leaders ought to be allowed enough space in choosing the best course of action within the entire strategy (Graetz, 2006, p42). Contemporary managers and l eaders ought to issue their teams the direction and goals, and then trust them to undertake quality verdicts for themselves. The contemporary leadership style also aims at shifting the decisions nearer to the consumer. In numerous organizations, the teams nearest to the consumer are best positioned to identify their needs (Northouse, 2007, p67). Contemporary leaders should set up systems to assure the requirements of all stakeholders are heard and involved in decision- making process in a sequential and structural way, as well as empower them to undertake fast and effective decisions. An additional pillar of the contemporary model is tapping organizational intelligence. The entire organization is more knowledgeable than the leadership and is an enormous resource of ideas and energy (Northouse, 2007, p58). Some contemporary organizations permit employees to influence the organizational direction by exhibiting their preference for various projects. Other organizations reward and encou rage entrepreneurial ideas from any stakeholder, and develop small ad hoc committees to explore and these ideas. The other leadership style is the achievement related style. This mainly entails instilling an inspiring purpose (Graetz, 2006, p56). A major source of enthusiasm and self- drive is a credible, clear and stimulating organizational function. This purpose is a â€Å"reason for existence† which in turn, interprets into a â€Å"purpose for being there†, which by far surpasses monetary gain. Every manager ought to underline precisely a strong reason for his unit. The purpose statement is impressive mainly because it was originated from a small company away from the attention of executives and professional wordsmith. In this style, the leader gives recognition to employees. Managers should ensure that all contributions made by employees are recognized, be they small or large. Workers have clearly stated repeatedly how much they treasure a compliment (Graetz, 2006, p59). However, the same employees are also apprehensive and distressed when the managers do not make an effort to express gratitude to them for a well-done job but are swift to condemn them for making mistakes. Instead of leaving employees contented, recognition augments their achievements, and pushing them to accomplish more. Moreover, another pillar of this style is communicating fully. Information in an organization ought not to be distributed based on â€Å"need to know†. This is normally a method of entirely, destructively, and unnecessarily, limiting information flow in an organization (Graetz, 2006, p62). Inadequate employee communication channels are one of the greatest causes of employee negative attitudes. Very few barriers should be placed in the organizational information flow in order to enhance employee morale and respect for the organization and senior managers. Follow- up on employees should be undertaken to ensure that they have clearly understood the messag e. One more aspect of this style is promoting teamwork. Most tasks require teamwork for effective accomplishment. Research has revealed that quality of group efforts in problem solving out passes the quality of work by individuals working separately. Thus, teamwork boosts employee motivation (Northouse, 2007, p70). Managers should group employees into self- managed teams handling matters such as scheduling, quality control, and costing. Such teams only demand little management efforts resulting to a favorable decline in management costs and layers. A manager requires undertaking careful assessment of the best combination of team players (Northouse, 2007, p71). Meanwhile, it is vital to develop an opportunity for cross- learning and variation of methods, ideas, and approaches. The manager should clearly inform the newly developed team of their role, the mode of its operations, and the organization’s expectations from them. Conclusion It has posed to be a complex task for the m anagement team to develop management systems that effectively encompass these principles. However, modern organizations are forced to drift towards that direction. The modern- day highly- knowledgeable and movable knowledge- workers cannot tolerate a ‘production line’ working approach. They continuously anticipate being asked for their contributions. A leader who is not tapping all the knowledge, skills, and experience of his or her Co-workers is wasting numerous talents, as well as failing to encompass employees in a combined effort to develop a high- performing and successful organization. Reference List Graetz, F. 2006. Managing organizational change. Milton: John Wiley Sons Australia. Linstead, S., Lilley, S., Fulop, L. 2009. Management and organization: a critical text. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Northouse, P. G. 2007. Leadership: theory and practice. Thousand Oaks: SAGE Publications.

Having single sex schools in the United States and the benefits of it Essay

Having single sex schools in the United States and the benefits of it - Essay Example The stakeholders involved in the production of more single-sex educational environments include parents of these young children who are responsible for promoting learning and advancing motivation for achievement related to knowledge and personal development. Additionally, teachers and the administrative environment in these schools are stakeholders as they are the driving force behind curriculum development and work consistently to create a more unified classroom environment. The students, obviously, represent another group of stakeholders who would be affected, the primary stakeholder faction, as single sex classrooms would seem to limit diversity related to gender socialization. All of these stakeholders are affected by the decision to segregate genders in the classroom and it would, ultimately, impact the quality of education and learning. Having identified the key stakeholders affected, it is important to recognize the many positive advantages of single sex classrooms. Research o n these types of educational environments indicates that single sex schools have constructive benefits, especially for young girls. Girls in single sex classrooms are more prone to speak freely, have a higher tendency to major in science and mathematics, and are more motivated to attend college or graduate school (Sadker & Zittleman, 9). Thus, there is evidence that socialization is improved and motivation to learn beyond the public school environment is enhanced in this type of environment. Another case study identified that children in single sex classrooms developed a stronger sense of community and exhibited a much stronger respect for the educator (www2.ed.gov, x). This same case study research further reinforced the quality of a single sex educational environment by uncovering that a more optimistic student role modeling occurred when compared to coed schools (www2.ed.gov). The reasoning behind whey these social factors were improved in single sex schools is unclear, however i t may be a byproduct of a closer camaraderie between students or the provision of an educator that is intensely familiar with one specific gender and can therefore provide more than just knowledge, but focus on gender-specific psychological factors as part of their curriculum program. One notable public figure, Hillary Clinton, also supports the existence of single sex environments, being quoted as remarking, â€Å"Certainly, there should not be any obstacle to providing single sex choice within the public school system. We could use more schools such as this† (brighterchoice.org, 1). Clinton is referring to the Young Women’s Leadership Academy in New York City as the reference for her opinion on single sex schools, citing the positive achievements gleaned from a case study single sex school environment. Her rationale for this assessment is unclear, however it reinforces that even top level public figures believe that coed schools should not be the only option availabl e in today’s society since they have been proven to achieve encouraging results in educational provision and life-long learning. Women’s rights groups, however, are the largest opponent of single sex schools as they believe it suppresses women’s rights. One adversary of single sex education cited the Bush administration’s alleged attempt to remove gender equality from schools as a rationale for opposing gender-segregated classrooms. â€Å"

Principle of Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Principle of Management - Essay Example At the same time, international consolidation and aggressive pricing approaches have concerted the market dominance within certain major players and reinforced their control on the suppliers. The international sourcing of raw materials has created new business prospects for supermarkets such as Tesco to carry out import activities from locations with cheap labour and cheap resources. In fact, Tesco presently captures a major share of supermarket in the UK. In last decade, the opportunity for supermarkets to purchase from manufacturers had increased intensely (Brown & Sander, 2007). Tariff declines, trade liberalisations, modernisations in communication technology, enhanced transport system and better capital flexibility have transformed the supply chain system for supermarkets. The international sourcing has generated new prospects for Tesco in the developing nations to sell the products. However, the global sourcing has also created numerous manufacturers, which in turn has intensif ied competition among organisations. The challenges faced by supermarkets nowadays include the aspects of increasing the return of the shareholders, maintaining low cost for product offerings, increasing flexibility by ‘just-in-time’ delivery and strengthening control related to product quality and providing utmost customer service standards (Brown & Sander, 2007). Supermarkets are the first and the foremost commercial organisations that perform in highly competitive environment with high concern on end result. The increased globalisation, changing life patterns and demographics have opened opportunities for supermarkets in developing nations. However, in order to stay competitive in the market, supermarkets require significant information on... This paper describes the four functions of the management are considered to be substantial for Tesco to overcome many challenges and to take the advantages of the opportunities. In order to be successful in the future endeavours of the business, Tesco can use the managerial functions to a great extent and can turn the business to be effective and efficient. Better management is helpful for Tesco to develop an environment which can provide enhanced flexibility in business. In order to stay competitive, systematising the business plays a vital part for organisations which can only be accomplished though effective managerial functions as observed in the discussion provided. This essay tells that the four managerial functions can be adopted by Tesco in several aspects of business which would provide great effectiveness in the international market. The managerial functions are beneficial for Tesco to gain competitive advantages and to exploit the business opportunities. Better management will definitely lead to gain cost efficiency and make the company feasible to compete with upcoming difficulties in the global as well as the local markets. It concluded that Tesco has also adopted enhanced planning procedures in the business for increasing the customer service. It is one of the significant challenges for Tesco to provide personalised services to the customers. Through collaborative planning, Tesco has enhanced its supply chain capabilities for making better anticipation of the demands of the customers and providing customised services to them accordingly. Therefore, it can genuinely lead to better customer satisfaction